This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7156, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

The imaging properties of the single-layer metallic superlens are studied systematically. We computed the impulse response and the transfer function of the lens which are critical for understanding the imaging performance of this superlens and for possible improvements in the future. Furthermore, we relate the single layer superlens structure to the well known surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguide, and find out that the metal slab superlens is a particular type of SPP waveguide, where the field distribution is mainly determined by the long- and short-range modes. We show that the excitation of the long-range mode causes large sidelobes in the impulse response. We propose to improve the imaging performances of the superlens by designing a structure for which the long-range mode is cutoff.

Today zoom optical system is more used in many fields. It can be satisfied with many special imaging instances with its superiority on ability of supplying different visual field and resolution. But the conventional zoom system must have more than two moving elements to realize focus turning and imaging shift compensation at the same time. This makes the system have large volume and weight, and complicated structure. Liquid lens is a kind of novel optical device based on biological vision system. By utilizing this device, zoom camera can be designed in a new simple way. In this paper, a liquid lens operated by a stepper motor had been demonstrated. A new way of designing a micro zoom system without any moving lens had also been introduced. And a kind of hybrid diffractive-refractive liquid lens had been presented to improve the imaging quality. A micro bifocal zoom endoscope system including two pieces of liquid lens was contrived. Finally, it is thought that although many technologies, especially the package method should be solved better, the liquid lens micro zoom system has very wide potential application in the fields that the system's volume and weight are strictly limited, such as endoscope, mobile, PDA and so on.

A special kind of ultrathin lenses using annular folded optics is introduced, which has potential for compact imagers. Their long focal lengths can be contained within a limited track. Light enters the lens through an outer annular aperture and is focused by a series of concentric zone reflectors to the image plane. It is an approach to implement high sample resolution imaging, large aperture and ultrathin characteristic at the same time. This optic has the advantages of both the compactness of miniature cameras and the high imaging quality of large cameras. In this paper, the principle, structure, and design method of this type of ultrathin lens is introduced. An optimized design and its performance evaluation are reported. Such lens can be applied to the situation where the bulk and mass are so limited that conventional imaging systems are unsuitable.

We are presenting the results of a freeform HMD optical system design. The tolerancing analysis is carried out to analyze the optical performance of this system. Results are discussed in detail.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has recently emerged as a powerful optical imaging instrument and technology. OCT performs high resolution, cross-sectional tomographic imaging of the internal structure in 3D materials including biological tissues. Advantages of OCT vs. other imaging systems are: 1) High resolution: enables greater visualization of defects. (OCT: 5-10 microns, ultrasound: 150 microns. High resolution CT: 300 microns. MRI: 1,000 microns). 2) Noninvasive, non-contact: increase ease of use. 3) Fiber-optics delivery: allows OCT to be used in catheters and endoscopes. (Fiber diameter is normally 125 microns). 4) High speed: enables high-resolution 3D imaging. 5) Potential for additional information: polarization contrast and spectroscopic information can be obtained concurrently yielding new information of the testing tissues. 6) Use of non-harmful radiation. In this paper, we shortly review the technologies of OCT and present our works in design and implementation of fiber based OCT systems and full-field OCT systems, including high performance swept source, fibre probe, hardware, software design as well as system configurations. The applications of OCT involving in medical imaging, industrial inspection, information storage and retrieval, as well as biometrics and document security are also briefly introduced and demonstrated.

Optical sensing of specific molecular target using near-infrared light has been recognized to be the crucial technology, have changing human's future. The imaging of Fluorescence Molecular Tomography is the most novel technology in optical sensing. It uses near-infrared light(600-900nm) as instrument and utilize fluorochrome as probe to take noncontact three-dimensional imaging for live molecular targets and to exhibit molecular process in vivo. In order to solve the problem of forward simulation in FMT, this paper mainly introduces a new simulation modeling. The modeling utilizes Monte Carlo method and is implemented in C++ programming language. Ultimately its accuracy has been testified by comparing with analytic solutions and MOSE from University of Iowa and Chinese Academy of Science. The main characters of the modeling are that it can simulate both of bioluminescent imaging and FMT and take analytic calculation and support more than one source and CCD detector simultaneously. It can generate sufficient and proper data and pre-preparation for the study of fluorescence molecular tomography.

In this paper, according to human bone, muscle tissue characteristics, the study of human vein pattern recognition technology to the basic principles on the basis of which, based on DSP technology vein pattern recognition system, the basic component, focusing on images of the collection, processing and Vein pattern recognition algorithm discussed, the final article based on the DSP vein pattern recognition technology prospect.

It is proved that most of the actual fluorescent decays contain non-exponential component. An instability factor is defined to express the goodness of the actual fluorescent decay using in thermometer. The principle of mathematical model established in a fluorescent decay thermometer is discussed. It is critical to establish an accurate mathematical model in temperature measurement based on fluorescent decay, a good mathematical model is the one which is consistent with physical reality. If short of such consistence The traditional single-exponential model would induce much error in higher level precision temperature measurement for it's only a theoretical assumption. A cutting and normalized method and an instability factor are defined to judge the influence of non-exponential deflection of the fluorescent decay curve. The principle of establishing a mathematical model is discussed. Its pointed out that the matching of the mathematical model and the data processing method are essentially important for the measurement, the deducing conclusions such as data processing precisions, experimental and simulation results are uncertainty as applying to actual fluorescent material. Prony method having the potential capability in dealing with multi-exponential decay model also is pointed out. The above conclusions are evaluated by computer simulations and experiments.

For the general existing experimental systems of laser teaching, it is hard to generate lots of transverse modes and to show the process of mode competition. In the paper a novel synthetical instructional system based on a cat's eye cavity He-Ne laser is proposed. Lots of transverse modes from fundamental to high-order modes can be generated by adjusting the cat's eye. A quartz crystal or a stress plate in intra-cavity can split one-frequency laser into dual-frequency laser. Based on the frequency splitting, the dynamic process of mode competition is observed. Almost all the important concepts in lasers are demonstrated experimentally. The instructional system provides a powerful aid for laser teaching. On the other hand the real frequency splitting and the polarization direction of the laser output versus the rotation angle of crystal are measured and discussed, and their values at very large rotation angle are forecasted.

An instrument used to measure the normal specular reflectance of curved optical surface made with transparent material is presented. Instead of the half mirror, i.e. the mirror with 50% reflectance that was commonly used in the previous spectral reflectometers, a specially designed patterned mirror is introduced that can reduce the optical energy loss due to half mirror as many as 50%. The signal-noise rations of the instrument are significantly improved especially in the UV spectrum range. The interference reflection of back surface of the optical components can be effectively prevented by the conjugated optical design. The diameter of measurement spot size in the test surface is about 60 micrometer and the repeat accuracy of measurement results is better than ±0.01% over wavelength 410-700nm.

An automatic three-dimensional whole circumference shapes measurement system using an optical patterns projection technique has been developed. The system is composed of an optical spatial modulator from which grating patterns are projected on the surface of the object set on a turntable stage, a CCD camera controlled by a robot arm, and a computer. The patterns on the surface of the object are taken into the computer by the CCD camera, and the three-dimensional coordinates of the patterns on the surface of the object are calculated according to a principle of a trigonometry measurement. The patterns faced to the CCD camera are taken into the computer by the CCD camera, four photographs at each turntable angle of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees are processed and the image processing data are composed as whole circumference shapes. This improved system using mechanical and optical method and data analysis has the following advantages. (1) It is possible to capture the surface topography without any contact. (2) The time required for the measurements is shorter than the light-section method. (3) The optical spatial modulator using a liquid crystal projector enables to control the striped patterns accurately by the computer. (4) It is possible to measure precisely and to expand the measurement area using a zoom camera. (5) The improved system has whole circumference shapes measurement area as well as high resolution.

Not only could the segmented mirrors synthetic aperture optical system improve the sensitivity and resolution of telescope system, but also meet the demands of NGST (next generation space telescope).In order to ensure segmented mirrors keep the same optical performance of mono-mirror, that is, the phase error less thanλ/20, each segmented mirror should have its own nano-grade high precision correcting device. In this paper, the synthetic aperture is composed of three segmented mirrors, one fixed and the other two adjustable, each of which achieved 6-DOF adjustment by three micro-displacement actuators and the characters of the actuators are researched. For the purpose of nano-grade positioning, PZT is used as the micro-displacement actuator. In our research, the jointing process is rough-tuned by mechanical structure before fine-tuned by PZT, so there's no need for the PZT to work in the full range. In order to provide basic support for nano-grade phase error correction, it is very necessary to calibrate the relationship between the elongation distribution of each PZT and the regulating voltage for each actuator, in its own scope of work with small step, because of the hysteresis of PZT.

Beam profile and spectral characteristic of terahertz (THz) wave in free space are presented in this paper. The beam width of THz wave at the focus point of parabolic mirror is obtained by means of the narrow-slit measurement. By the spectroscopic imaging, we present the transverse mode distribution of THz beam on the cross-section of focus point. Our experimental results show that the centre wavelength of THz spectra has a distinguished red-shift when it is far away the centre of THz focus point. The spectral range of THz wave far from the focus point is less than that of the centre. This kind of spectral characteristic of THz wave is closely related to the diffraction effect of electromagnetic wave.

We have developed a liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator (LCOS-SLM) and examined its performance capability as a wavefront corrector with an adaptive optics (AO) test system. The LCOS-SLM has a high light-utilization efficiency so that it is suitable for AO in ophthalmic instruments. Experimental results with a static phase object showed nearly diffraction-limited performance. The root-mean-square (RMS) value of residual wavefront error was reduced to 0.06 wavelength from 2.09 wavelength. The capability for dynamic aberration correction was also examined. The timevarying aberration was created by rotating the same phase object. While the RMS wavefront error became slightly larger, a nearly diffraction-limited performance could be confirmed as same as in the static aberration correction. Effective stroke and refraction power of the LCOS-SLM were also discussed theoretically. The estimated effective stroke and refraction power were 40 microns and 2.5D for a beam of 8-mm diameter on the LCOS-SLM, respectively.

White Cell is a typical multiple-path absorption cell for absorption spectroscopy. For multi-path enhanced absorption application, we should make sure that the input light of the multiple-path cell can be output as much as possible to enhance absorption signal. Thus the astigmatism of the White cell should be analyzed for optimization as a key factor. In White cell, the astigmatism is difficult to be calculated as the meridian and sagittal planes of the beam would rotate with a different angle while at each reflection. In this article, the White cell is presented by defined 4×4 optical matrices as a nonsymmetrical system. The astigmatic difference would then be obtained from the eigenvalues of the partitioned matrices. The numerical computation and ray-tracing simulation results presented have proved the efficiency of this method. The astigmatism can be improved by properly choosing the distance h between the two rows of image spots on the field mirror.

Sparse aperture telescopes represent a promising technology for increasing the effective diameter of an optical system while reducing the weight and the size. Multiple-mirror telescope (MMT) and multiple-telescope telescope (MTT) are two types of sparse aperture systems. The primary mirror of MMT consists of a number of segments that are all parts of a single primary-mirror conic. The configuration of the sparse aperture is related to the performance of the MMT. Golay configuration is nonredundant sparse aperture. Entrance pupil characteristics of Golay 6 MMT are studied to research the relationships between the sub-mirrors on the primary mirror and the shapes of sub-apertures on the entrance pupil of Golay 6. Overlay factor and efficiency factor are proposed to achieve the optimal fill factor on the entrance pupil. Given the relative aperture of Golay 6 MMT, there is some concern that the fill factor on the entrance pupil is larger than the overlay fill factor on the spherical sparse aperture primary mirror. The maximum fill factor and the maximal overlay factor are discussed, and the tangency condition when sub-mirrors of Golay 6 MMT are tangency is derived. Two Cassegrain telescopes having a spherical primary mirror with Golay6 configuration and with an aspherical secondary mirror are designed. The fill factor on the entrance pupil can be larger than the overlay factor on the primary mirror at the certain occasion. Based on the relationships between the fill factor and the overlay factor, the rational parameters of sub-mirrors on the primary mirror can be selected.

The phase mask plays a key role in wavefront coding systems. In order to find the phase coding device with better performance, a new kind of phase mask - five times phase mask is proposed, based on cubic phase mask in common use, and its coding properties are studied in the paper. First of all, the reason of depressing spherical aberration is analyzed by deriving the asymptotic solution to OTF of the wavefront coding systems with five times phase mask. And then we compare the effects of inhibition of spherical aberration when place the cubic and five times phase mask respectively. Finally, the experimental simulation is done. The results show that on the specific threshold (MTF=0.1) the normalized bandwidth of the system with five times phase mask can be reached 3 times of that with the cubic one; at the same characteristic frequency (u = 0.5), the MTF value is 2 times of that in system with cubic one. Both the MTF consistency in the low frequency region and the PTF consistency in the high frequency region of the system with a five times phase mask are better than those with a cubic one in condition of different spherical aberration. Compared with the cubic phase mask, the five times phase mask performs better in inhibition of spherical aberration.

Advanced optimization methods are studied systematically in a great level. The three main elements of optimization, that is model parameterization, optimization algorithm and merit function, base on this, the relationship among them and their reciprocity is defined and analyzed in detail. Some local and global optimization strategies, especial for zoom systems effect to the integrated capabilities, are discussed. And the results on simulation and evaluation support the view, which demonstrate their validity and potential.

The optimized design, alignment and experimental results of a compact convex grating hyper-spectral imager with high fidelity are reported and evaluated. The imager works in visible wavelength range from 0.4 to 0.78 μm. The numerical aperture of system is 0.2, and the entrance slit images with -1 magnification and linearly dispersed into 7.5mm in width. In addition, the spectral sample resolution is 0.76nm/pixel with negligible distortion. In order to get good performance and facilitate alignment, the optical system is both imagery and objective telecentric. The efficiency of the convex grating can up to about 40 percents by ion-beam etching. The size is 190mm×180mm×90mm and the mass is less than 1kg. The light weighted compact system is portable, and it is feasible in remote sensing.

Imaging spectrometers can provide imagery and spectrum information of objects and form so-called three-dimensional spectral imagery, two spatial and one spectral dimension. Most of imaging spectrometers use conventional spectroscopic elements or systems, such as reflective diffraction gratings, prisms, filters, spatial modulated interferometers, and so on. Here a special imaging spectrometer which is based on a novel cemented Prism-Grating-Prism (PGP) is reported. Its spectroscopic element PGP consists of two prisms and a holographic transmission volume grating, which is cemented between these prisms. The two prisms mainly function as beam deviation, the grating as a disperser. In addition to the high light efficiency of the volume gratings that is required for high spectral resolution, the cementing difficulty when surface relief gratings are used can be avoided due to its voluminal characteristic. The PGP imaging spectrometer has advantages of direct vision, dispersion uniform, compactness, low cost, and facility to be used. The principle, structure, and optimized design of the PGP imaging spectrometer are given in detail. Its front collimation optics and rear focusing lenses are same so as to reduce its cost further. The spectral coverage, resolution, and track length of the designed system are respectively visible light from 400nm to 800nm, 1.6nm/pixel, and 85mm. From its performance evaluation, it is shown that the PGP imaging spectrometer has the potentiality to be used in microscopic hyperspectral imagers and hyperspectral imaging remote sensors.

Fourier transform spectroscopy has evolved over several decades into an analytic spectroscopic method which application throughout the physical, chemical, and biological sciences. The conventional Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) is based on a scanning Michelson interferometer. To overcome the limitations induced by mechanical scanning device in the Michelson interferometer, there are several types of FTS with non-scanning system were presented. One of them utilizes the polarization element such as Wollaston prism or Savart plate. In this paper the principle of a new FTS based on a Wollaston prism array is presented. Compared with the conventional polarization FTS, it has higher spectral resolution and optical throughput. There are many factors have influence on the fringe visibility of FTS. Here we focus on discussing the influence of the fringe visibility affected by the direction of the polarization elements in this FTS. The fringe visibility of the interferogram is the function which variables are the small angles departure of the theory polarization direction α, β. When the value of the fringe visibility is given, the values of angle α, β, are obtained. This is helpful to the alignment of the polarizing elements during the construction of polarization interferometer. The spectrum which uses the He-Ne laser as the optical source is acquired and recovered through the Fourier-transform program. At present time the spectral resolution of this system is 4 nm.

This paper describes a design of sun-tracking warning demonstration system in solar blind UV. After analyzing of the system structure and guide line of the sun-tracking warning system in solar blind UV, the key techniques of the sun-tracking UV warning system are discussed and designed, including the optical system, UV filter module, optical modulation system, UV detectors and its sun-tracking servo. A total reflect Cassegrain UV optical system with simple structure, reliable performance and high-quality imaging ability is designed and manufactured. In order to enhance the received SNR and process the signal easily, an optical UV filter and an optical modulation reticle are used to filter and modulate the target's direct signals to alternating signal. Functional experiments show that sun-tracking warning system needs better UV filter module whose total stopband rejection should be higher than 10^-10.

The paper presents the design and development of a medium-size optoelectronic detecting telescope which will be used for space objects and debris detection. First, the paper introduces the work principle of the detecting system. Then it gives out the design scheme, the main syetem parameters and the fulfillment of the optoelectronic detecting system. And last it shows some results of the system to track the space objects.

This paper focuses on the recent status of art technology of a virtual instrumentation - a virtual microscope (VM) and its wide applications in telepathology, teaching, training, research, and internet activities with digitalized slides. Firstly, the current status for virtual microscope is reviewed; and then various native methods and algorithms, particular a 3-D virtual slide scanning and presentation, for a virtual microscope is presented and discussed; experiments of various applications are taken and analyzed; and finally, solution of a new virtual instrumentation and technology for pathologists are proposed and summarized.

Currently, the calibration work of analog measurement instruments is mainly completed by manual and there are many problems waiting for being solved. In this paper, an automatic calibration system (ACS) based on Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and Charge Coupled Device (CCD) sensor is developed and a real-time calibration algorithm is presented. In the ACS, TI DM643 DSP processes the data received by CCD sensor and the outcome is displayed on Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen. For the algorithm, pointer region is firstly extracted for improving calibration speed. And then a math model of the pointer is built to thin the pointer and determine the instrument's reading. Through numbers of experiments, the time of once reading is no more than 20 milliseconds while it needs several seconds if it is done manually. At the same time, the error of the instrument's reading satisfies the request of the instruments. It is proven that the automatic calibration system can effectively accomplish the calibration work of the analog measurement instruments.

Using a binocular stereo vision system for 3D coordinate measurement, system calibration is an important factor for measurement precision. In this paper we present a flexible calibration method for binocular stereo system calibration to estimate the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of each camera and the exterior orientation of the turntable's axis which is installed in front of the binocular stereo vision system to increase the system measurement range. Using a new flexible planar pattern with four big circles and an array of small circles as reference points for calibration, binocular stereo calibration is realized with Zhang Plane-based calibration method without specialized knowledge of 3D geometry. By putting a standard ball in front of the binocular stereo vision system, a sequence pictures is taken at the same by both camera with a few different rotation angles of the turntable. With the method of space intersection of two straight lines, the reference points, the ball center at each turntable rotation angles, for axis calibration are figured out. Because of the rotation of the turntable, the trace of ball is a circle, whose center is on the turntable's axis. All ball centers rotated are in a plane perpendicular to the axis. The exterior orientation of the turntable axis is calibrated according to the calibration model. The measurement on a column bearing is performed in the experiment, with the final measurement precision better than 0.02mm.

A 2-D model is developed for the simulation. Calculations take into account the chemiluminence reaction of CO-O, which is the dominant sources of radiation in the UV wavelength band considered, and particle emission/scattering effects produced by alumina particles. The alumina particle is considered as a discrete phase through the continuous flow, assumed to be in solid state with diameters ranging from 5 micron to 17 micron. The atmospheric effects, pressure and temperature, are included in the boundary condition. Four cases, altitudes at 0km, 4km, 15km and 30km are calculated separately, and comparisons are made with each other .Finally, the analysis of affecting factors is presented.

We describe in this paper a DPIV system based on multispectral imaging. The system consists of three pulsed lasers, a laser pulse combined system, a multispectral camera, a synchronizer and a computer with frame grabber. Wavelengths of three pulsed lasers are 532nm, 650nm and 800nm. The laser pulses are combined together into the same beam path to illumine the flow field. The beam splitting prism in the multispectral camera send the 532nm, 650nm and 800nm laser pulses to three different CCD arrays respectively. The narrowband filters in front of the CCD arrays select specific wavebands for every CCD. The three CCD arrays can work independently. They catch three images of the same area of the flow field for different wavelengths at different moments in one exposure period. The synchronizer, which controls the time sequence between the camera and lasers, has a time precision of 1ns and time step length of 50ns. To measure a flow field, firstly, the synchronizer controls the camera to open shutter, then, it controls three lasers to generate laser pulses at different moments in one exposure time to illumine the flow field. With this system we can get three particle images at three certain moments set by the synchronizer in one exposure period (less than 0.14s). The system has been validated in the lab and the result is also laid out in this paper. In this system, the time interval between different particle images just depends on the pulse interval time of different wavelengths, and it is independent of the frame rate of the camera, which is the most important advantage of this system. With different time intervals, this system can be used to measure flow field with different speed level. And further more, by setting two different time intervals for a single measurement, the system can be also used for high speed flow field with complicated structure measurement. Due to its features, perspective of its appreciation should be wide.

A lidar system was constructed to operate in the initiative state as well as passive state, with atmosphere component inspecting and elements of weather. The lidar system consists of laser transmit system, receiving telescope system, subsequence optics system, signals detecting and processing system. Tuned output laser from the system made up of SL-III-10-YAG laser and ND6000 tunable dye laser is employed as probing light beam. Its wavelength takes 270-900 nm. Optical axis of laser transmit system is in parallel with one of receiving telescope system. The telescope is made into Cassegrainian type, and efficient aperture is 400mm. Dispersion spot of the focus point is about 0.5mm. A spatial resolution of 3.0m was provided in the lidar system.

In photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) particle sizing techniques, the choice of regularization parameter in the inverse algorithm of Tikhonov Regularization can be classified into prior and posterior strategies. For prior strategies, the choice of regularization parameter is made before calculating the regularized solution, but the posterior strategies, based on some principles, make the choice of regularization parameter matching the error level of original data during the calculation for the regularized solution. The critical issue of regularization method lies in the proper balance and tradeoff between the accuracy and stability of the solutions, in other words, the regularization parameter chosen should match the error lever of autocorrelation function. Using prior and posterior strategies, scattered light signal of 50nm, 100nm and 300 nm particles were simulated and their autocorrelation functions inversed respectively. If noise existed, the stability was weakened while the deviation of peak value increased. For prior strategy, the noise influence to the inverse is obvious when noise factor is 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 and 1, but inverse results can be obtained on large noise level even the noise factor is at 1. However, when using posterior strategy, the effect on inverse result was less when error was small, but convergent inverse results cannot be obtained when the noise level is high.

A receiver with high dynamic response and wide control range are necessary for a laser radar system. In this paper, an automatic gain control scheme for laser radar receiver is proposed. The scheme is based on a closed-loop logarithmic feedback method. Signal models for pulse laser radar system are created and as the input to the AGC model. The signal is supposed to be very weak and with a nanosecond order of pulse width in the light of the property of the laser radar. The method and the simulation for the AGC will be presented in detail.

Based on the unique characteristic, the paper currency numbers can be put into record and the automatic identification equipment for paper currency numbers is supplied to currency circulation market in order to provide convenience for financial sectors to trace the fiduciary circulation socially and provide effective supervision on paper currency. Simultaneously it is favorable for identifying forged notes, blacklisting the forged notes numbers and solving the major social problems, such as armor cash carrier robbery, money laundering. For the purpose of recognizing the paper currency numbers, a recognition algorithm based on neural network is presented in the paper. Number lines in original paper currency images can be draw out through image processing, such as image de-noising, skew correction, segmentation, and image normalization. According to the different characteristics between digits and letters in serial number, two kinds of classifiers are designed. With the characteristics of associative memory, optimization-compute and rapid convergence, the Discrete Hopfield Neural Network (DHNN) is utilized to recognize the letters; with the characteristics of simple structure, quick learning and global optimum, the Radial-Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is adopted to identify the digits. Then the final recognition results are obtained by combining the two kinds of recognition results in regular sequence. Through the simulation tests, it is confirmed by simulation results that the recognition algorithm of combination of two kinds of recognition methods has such advantages as high recognition rate and faster recognition simultaneously, which is worthy of broad application prospect.

In this paper, an adaptive morphological segmentation algorithm is proposed to extract a binary Chinese square seal from a bank check image. The grayscale Chinese square seal is extracted from the color bank check image according to the color information. Different Chinese characters have different stroke features and background evenness. To process each character in the square seal respectively, the extracted square seal is divided into four sub-squares. The background across each sub-square of the grayscale seal image is smoothed by top-hat transformation. The size of structuring element in top-hat transformation might have a great influence on the segmentation. The optimal size of the structuring element for the top-hat transformation on each sub-square is iteratively estimated according to the local foreground area. Each top-hat processed sub-square is binarized by Otsu's method. In each binary sub-square, holes smaller than a threshold are filled which is proportional to the ratio of the foreground area to the area of the whole sub-square. The experiment result shows that the proposed algorithm can correctly segment Chinese characters with intricate and dense strokes in a bank check square seal. Adhesion and incompleteness distortions in the segmentation results are reduced, even when the original square seal has a poor quality.

Image processing is realized by using the FitzHugh Nagumo model which is a Reaction-Diffusion equation. When the system is bistable and choosing a set of proper parameters, contrast enhancement and image smoothing can be obtained. The processed effects are satisfying at the earlier phase of image processing.

Omnidirectional vision (Omni-vision) has the feature that an extremely wide view can be achieved simultaneously. The omni-image brings a highly unavoidable inherent distortion while it provides hemispherical field of views. In this paper, a method called Spherical Perspective Projection is used for correction of such distorted image. Omni-vision target recognition and tracking with fisheye lens for AGVs appears definite significant since its advantage of acquiring all vision information of the three-dimensional space once. A novel Beacon Model and Omni-vision tracker for mobile robots is described. At present, the research of target model has many different problems, such as outdoor illumination, target veiling, target losing. Specially, outdoor illumination and beacon veiling are the key problems which need an effective method to solve. The new beacon model which features particular topology shape can be recognized in the outdoors with part veiled of the object. In this paper an improved omni-vision object tracking method based on mean shift algorithm is proposed. The mean shift algorithm which is a powerful technique for tracking objects in image sequences with complex background has been proved to be successful for the fast computation and effective tracking problems. The recognition and tracking functions have been demonstrated on experimental platform.

In this paper, we use the ATD color human vision model instead of the traditional RGB color model for polychromatic pattern recognition. Here we utilize the Mach-Zehnder joint transform correlator to be the optical pattern discrimination configuration. The ATD color human vision model is proposed to be the interpretation of human's cone mechanisms. The ATD represents the nonopponent achromatic system, the tritanopic system, and the deuteranopic system, respectively. It is more close to human eye's vision. Besides, we also use the minimum average correlation energy approach based on the Lagrange multipliers and image encoding technique to yield sharp correlation peak and to achieve the distortion invariance. The image encoding method can reduce the requirement of pixels number in RLCSLM on output plane effectively. Therefore, an encoded image recombined by the three vectors of ATD has been utilized in our input plane. The minimum average correlation energy approach is designed to deal with various distortions and to reduce the correlation sidelobe intensity. From these results, we discover that the recognition ability based on ATD vector model is better than that based on RGB color model generally. Subsequently, we choose one target from the 25 images set to estimate the discrimination ability in rotated distortion and noisy distortion. From the numerical results we realize that the recognition ability based on ATD color vision model is accepted.

As the important reconnaissance and offensive weapon in future battlefield, Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) is applied more and more widely in civil and military field. In the sea battlefield, ship classification applied to MAV could effectively realize signals collection, force protection and strike to ship targets. At present, methods of ship classification are mostly based on signals from radar, infrared or ultrasonic. However, because of large volume and complex equipments, these methods can't meet the requirement of MAV. Thus, ship classification based on visible sensor is chosen and it could solve volume and weight limits of MAV. In order to realize ship classification in MAV, ship classification based on aerial images is first proposed and an effective robust algorithm for classification based on modified Zernike moment invariants is proposed in this paper. The task of classification is that the ships are classified into two categories, aircraft carrier and chaser. The experimental results show that the correct classification rate is more than 92% and the algorithm proposed is effective to solve classification problem for ship targets in MAV.

On the basis of object's information processing mechanism with frog's eyes, this paper discussed a bionic detection technology which suitable for object's information processing based on frog's vision. First, the bionics detection theory by imitating frog vision is established, it is an parallel processing mechanism which including pick-up and pretreatment of object's information, parallel separating of digital image, parallel processing, and information synthesis. The computer vision detection system is described to detect moving objects which has special color, special shape, the experiment indicates that it can scheme out the detecting result in the certain interfered background can be detected. A moving objects detection electro-model by imitating biologic vision based on frog's eyes is established, the video simulative signal is digital firstly in this system, then the digital signal is parallel separated by FPGA. IN the parallel processing, the video information can be caught, processed and displayed in the same time, the information fusion is taken by DSP HPI ports, in order to transmit the data which processed by DSP. This system can watch the bigger visual field and get higher image resolution than ordinary monitor systems. In summary, simulative experiments for edge detection of moving object with canny algorithm based on this system indicate that this system can detect the edge of moving objects in real time, the feasibility of bionic model was fully demonstrated in the engineering system, and it laid a solid foundation for the future study of detection technology by imitating biologic vision.

According to analysis of runways geometric features in remote sensing images, a new airfield detection method combining color, texture segmentation and shape analysis is presented, where the color and texture features are used for global classification while shape information is used for local analysis. In order to extract airfield runway information, an improved method based on direction and length filter is proposed, in which the useless scanning can be stopped promptly. The experimental results presented in this paper show that this algorithm could eliminate the interference under complex circumstance and could improve the efficiency and accuracy of military airfield recognizing and understanding. It has higher computing speed and less space demand compared with the existing Hough-based algorithm. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is simple and easy to implement.

The distance image from the ToF camera is affected by errors mainly due to multiple light reflections inside the camera body and by the indirect light illuminating the objects in the scene. These errors can't be avoided and in particular cases can be as great as 50%. The method presented corrects the measured distance errors to objects labeled with a known strong contrast tag. A proposed algorithm determines the integral perturbing light signal and by subtracting it from the measured one we compute the (actual) corrected 3D image. Because the perturbing signal has a slow variation along the image it is computed only in the region of the tag with known contrast but the correction is performed in a wider region. An extension of this method to the entire 3D image can be implemented using amplitude modulated structured light. The method can be useful to other distance measuring devices using the same (ToF) principle.

In spatial remote-sensing observation to the earth, the optical system aperture of satellite is becoming larger and larger. But, the larger aperture lead to the more limits constrained by manufacture costs and system loading. Optical sparse aperture imaging systems are composed of several smaller sub-apertures which are arrayed in some rules. But, because of the aperture of optical sparse aperture imaging system is just partial filling for the equivalent single large one, the system point spread function could be a certain spread and the response to middle-and-low spatial frequency is reduced. Consequently, the resolution of obtained images is blurred. So, the obtained images should be restored to improve image resolution. This paper takes advantage of an optical sparse aperture system established in the laboratory, imaging on an aviation remote-sensing negative, and then obtain the simulated optical sparse aperture remote-sensing images. Resolution of simulated sparse aperture remote-sensing images is greatly increased through the method presented by this paper, which incorporates the Laplacian factor in the increment Wiener filter. Through this image restoration process, the limitation of system itself is well compensated. Experiment results show that algorithm of this paper is proper to many kind of sparse system with different array structure and filling factor, the simulated remote-sensing images resolution and SNR (Signal and Noise Ratio) could be improved greatly.

The aerospace camera developed is an exclusive functional load of a micro satellite. The signal-to-noise ratio of the aerospace camera reflects its radiance response and is the parameter that directly associates with the quality of its acquired images. The traditional way to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio of a camera is to substitute the related parameters of its subassemblies into the deduced formulas. This kind of method lacks the focalization on the diversities of its components and specific application occasions. The result tested by using standard uniform source can certainly be utilized to evaluate the work performance of the camera, but it ignores its actual orbital atmospheric condition and consequentially leads to unavoidable data deviation. The atmospheric transmission model is built and the radiation condition of the aerospace camera in orbit is simulated by means of MODTRAN. Instead of building the noise model based on electronic devices of the camera to get theoretical noise data, considering the difference of the noises of the camera between in-lab and on-orbit condition, we adopt the measured noise data of the CCD camera to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio so as to make it approach the real value as possible. The influences of the changes of solar altitude angle, earth surface albedo and weather condition on the signal-to-noise ratio of the camera are quantitatively determined. The result of the signal-to-noise ratio can be used as the basis to evaluate the remote sensing imaging quality and to decide the feasible exposure time.

Adaptive front lighting system (i.e., AFS) is the development trend of lighting system of motor vehicles. AFS means that headlamp can adjust beam direction to get best illumination according to road condition and its bodywork. The paper discusses the AFS key techniques: establishing calculation formulae of vehicle body state concerned road condition and steering state. Because of sensor technology limitations, it only can deal with inclination and turn of vehicle body state by means of sensor's signals. This paper studies the relationship between inclination and turn of the body and lamp lighting on the base of relative standards, and gives out the calculation formulae for the body and lamp lighting adjustment, also discusses its dynamical properties. The study is basic work for lighting adjustment automatically.

A new approach based on the finite element-artificial transmitting boundary method is presented, and the 2-D acoustical field on the substrate region is calculated by using this method.

In this paper, a new method for monitoring and controlling fermentation process of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) was proposed based on color identification. The color image of fermentation broth of BCAA was firstly taken by a CCD camera. Then, it was changed from RGB color model to HIS color model. Its histograms of hue H and saturation S were calculated, which were used as the input of a designed BP network. The output of the BP network was the description of the color of fermentation broth of BCAA. After training, the color of fermentation broth was identified by the BP network according to the histograms of H and S of a fermentation broth image. Along with other parameters, the fermentation process of BCAA was monitored and controlled to start the stationary phase of fermentation soon. Experiments were conducted with satisfied results to show the feasibility and usefulness of color identification of fermentation broth in fermentation process control of BCAA.

During solar observation, atmosphere turbulence usually blur the solar image coming from solar telescope. In order to improve the quality of solar image, solar Adaptive Optical (AO) system is equipped. In a typical solar AO system, Correlating Shack-Hartmann (SH) wavefront sensor is used to detect the aberration of the blurred image. To detect the aberration as well as possible, frame rate of CCD working after the SH sensor must be fast enough to keep pace with the variation of turbulence. CCD with 1000 Hz frame rate is very common in solar adaptive optical system. What's more, next generation telescope is so large that resolution of CCD becomes higher and higher. So it requires the wavefront processor a huge amount of processing power. As FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) technology becomes more powerful, they can provide amazing processing ability by high speed and parallel processing. This paper gives out a design of FPGA-based wavefront processor in solar adaptive optical system. It is characterized by pipeline and parallel architecture. The peak operation speed is over 86G/s and calculation latency is 7.04 us in a system with 16×16 sub-aperture array, which is 16×16 pixel in size each and for which the reference image is 8×8 pixel. Using this processor, frame rate of the CCD can be up to 8800 fps. Built in a single FPGA, it is low-cost, compact and easy to be upgraded.

In this article, the Contourlet-based image fusion method of digital neutron radiation image and X-ray radiograph is proposed. As one of the multi-scale geometric analysis, Contourlet transform is full of application potentials in the field of image process due to its good capability of representing high dimensional singularity of image. Meanwhile, in order to overcome the shortcoming of pixel-based fusion, this method proposed realizes the local adaptive fusion through Neighborhood Homogeneity Measurement (NHM). Experiments show that this fusion method retains more image detail and therefore provides more accurate information than traditional image fusion methods. It is proved to be a novel idea for the complementary application of neutron radiation imaging and X-ray radiograph

Therosclerosis causes partial or total obstruction of human arteries. Early quantitative analysis and accurate assessment of plaque position and volume are essential for the selection of the appropriate treatment. Several imaging techniques can be used for the estimation of the severity of the disease in vivo. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a commonly used diagnostic tool, which provides real-time visualization of plaque morphology and detection of typical plaque components, such as calcium, quantification of plaque eccentricity and wall thickness. In this paper, we firstly used a spatio-temporal filter to reduce the effect of speckles and enhance the image. Then we translated the problem of image segmentation to the problem of the minimum resolution of energy function. using an improved deformable models, we detected the border of lumen and media-adventitia in sequential intravascular ultrasound frames, and optimized it by dynamic programming. Finally, through the identification of the internal and external elastic lamina and the plaque-lumen interface, we figured out the parameter of plaque load, maximal and minimal diameters of the internal and external elastic lamina and so on. The obtained results demonstrate that our method is statistically accurate, reproducible, and capable to identify the regions of interest in sequences of IVUS frames.

We proposed a kind of fiber-optic gradient hydrophone based on interferometer. Two arms of the interferometer are sensing fibers, each of which can be regard as a scalar pressure sensing element, and then the phase gradient between the two elements is transformed into the light intensity modulated output by the coupler. In this paper, a suit of analytical models for researching the sensor performance are developed. The theoretical and experimental research was carried out to demonstrate this kind of gradient hydrophone's phase sensitivity as the function of the measure frequency and the "8" directivity response.

Feature based image stabilization is often undermined by moving object. A new method to classify motion vector based on K-Medoids cluster is proposed in this paper for removing the influence of moving objects in the scene while image stabilizing. In the proposed method, the image is divided into several small areas before features being extracted from the regions firstly. Features are tracked by finding the corresponding ones in the next frame along the image sequence. Then a K-Medoids cluster method is proposed to classify those features by their motion vector to distinguish them from background or from moving objects. A dispersivity value of internal distance among those features in one class is defined to confirm that which cluster is from background. The experiment shows that the result is good to remove the features from moving objects. The limitation number of total feature and cluster assures the running speed fast enough for real-time processing on PC.

A novel biosensor based on up-converting phosphor technology (UPT) was developed several years ago. It is a kind of optical biosensor using up-converting phosphor (UCP) particles as the biological marker. From then on, some improvements have been made for this UPT-based biosensor. The primary aspects of the improvement lie in the control system. On one hand, the hardware of the control system has been optimized, including replacing two single chip microcomputers (SCM) with only one, the optimal design of the keyboard interface circuit and the liquid crystal module (LCM) control circuit et al.. These result in lower power consumption and higher reliability. On the other hand, a novel signal processing algorithm is proposed in this paper, which can improve the automation and operating simplicity of the UPT-based biosensor. It has proved to have high sensitivity (~ng/ml), high stability and good repeatability (CV<5%), which is better than the former system. It can meet the need of some various applications such as rapid immunoassay, chemical and biological detection and so on.

In this paper, a new image de-noising algorithm based on series connected pulse-coupled neural networks (PCNN) model is presented. Traditional PCNN is a single layer model, which is suitable for real-time image processing. In this article, a new improved PCNN model called the 'series connected PCNN' is proposed, and the traditional PCNN model has been rationally simplified. The simplified 'series connected PCNN' model has less iterative times, and it's more sensitive to image edges than the traditional model. The experimental results show that the new algorithm is very effective and provides better performance in protecting image edges compared with the median filter.

Classical joint transform correlator (JTC) has been widely used in pattern recognition and target tracking. However, when a real-time three-dimensional (3-D) object is captured as a two- dimensional (2-D) image, the key depth information for discriminating different objects is lost. In some cases, two dissimilar objects may appear to be the same appearance in their 2-D space. In this paper, a novel optical-electrical hybrid JTC is presented by analyzing a series of 2-D projections of the 3-D tested objects from different points of view. After encoding the key depth information into the 2-D power spectrum as the phase factor of the complex amplitude, we can obtain the 3-D joint power spectrum (JPS) and the 3-D joint correlation output, respectively. The presence of the 3-D object and its precise spatial position can be recognized by analyzing the correlation peak. Simultaneously, in order to reconstruct the original target images from the finite discrete spectrum, the space parameters of the system are founded based on discussing the relation between the number of the 2-D projections and the quality of the correlation output. Furthermore, the way to overcome the shortcomings in the correlation output, such as a low correlation peak, a low peak-to-sidelobe ratio and a wide correlation peak width, are discussed. The simulation result shows that the proposed method is effective for recognition and tracking the targets distributed in 3-D space.

The reference wave phase was modulated with a sinusoidal vibrating mirror attached to a Piezoelectric Transducer (PZT), the integration was performed by a CCD, and the charge storage period of the CCD image sensor was one-quarter period of the sinusoidal phase modulation. With the frequency- synchronous detection technique, four images (four frames of interference pattern) were recorded during one period of the phase modulation. In order to obtain the optimum modulation parameter, the values of amplitude and phase of the sinusoidal phase modulation were determined by considering the measurement error caused by the additive noise contained in the detected values. The PZT oscillation was controlled by a closed loop control system based on PID controller. An ideal discrete digital sine function at 50Hz with adjustable amplitude was used to adjust the vibrating of PZT, and a digital phase shift techniques was used to adjust vibrating phase of PZT so that the phase of the modulation could reach their optimum values. The CCD detector was triggered with software at 200Hz. Based on work above a small coherent signal masked by the preponderant incoherent background with a CCD detector was obtained.

The 3-5μm wave length region has been recognized as an effective mid infrared spectral range for the detection of high temperature events on Earth surface with remote sensing camera. Most of current mid infrared remote sensors relied on cooled detectors. Although they have high radiometric sensitivity, they inevitably are large size and weight, high power consumption, short life-time, and high cost. With the advent of uncooled thermal detectors, the miniaturization of mid infrared imagers suitable for microsatellite is being investigated widely. Based on uncooled focal plane array, a conceptual compact midwave infrared sensor has been put forward. It is designed for hot spot detection. First, working environments and requirements of the sensor for hot spot detection is introduced. Then the characteristic of its main constituent parts including selected uncooled focal plane array and the designed optical system is presented. Because uncooled focal plane array has lower radiometric sensitivity than the cooled, we are more concerned about the thermal resolution of the system. And its performance including sub-pixel hot spot detection capabilities and spatial resolution is evaluated. It shows that the suggested compact sensor with uncooeld focal plane array can not meet the requirement.

With the enhancement of the spectral resolution and the extension of the spectral coverage of spectral imager, its prefixing telescopic objective is expected to have a wide passband and large relative aperture. Off-axis three-mirror optical system has such advantages of achromatic, wide spectral range, no-obstruction excellent aberration correction and inactivity to its environmental temperature that it is ideal for prefixing telescopic system of hyper-spectral imagers (HSI). In this paper the aberration characteristic of off-axis three-mirror systems is analyzed. According to the requirement of HSI and through optimization design, an off-axis three-mirror system with high speed is presented. Its F/ number is 2.47, its focal length 360 mm, and its field of view 2.5 degrees. The designed three-mirror objective is compact and diffraction-limited. Its uniqueness is that its secondary mirror is convex spherical so that its manufacture and test difficulty and cost is greatly reduced.

The surface curvature of the progressive addition lenses varies gradually from the distance-viewing area to the near-viewing area. The curvature of the principal meridional curve varies progressively from point to point to provide a predetermined dioptric focal power at each point according to a predetermined power law. Several kinds of power laws along meridian line including linear combination and polynomials, are illustrated. The details for determining the coefficient and order of the polynomial are also introduced. Based on different power laws along meridian lines, the results of the computer evaluation are given out. Progressive addition lenses corresponding to different forms of meridional power laws have been manufactured with Satisloh VFT-compact machine. The lenses manufactured have been measured using the Class Plus lens analyzer to provide sphere, cylinder, and axis values across the surface of the lens, and distortion distributions are also presented. The results of measurement indicate that the performances of progressive addition lenses are consistent with those of the computer evaluation. These results are shown that the lenses have more wide distance-viewing or near-viewing areas and short corridor but with higher level of astigmatism in the peripheral areas while the curvature along the median line is constant in the distance zone and the rate of meridional dioptric variation is quicker, on the contrary, the lenses have more narrow distance-viewing or near-viewing areas and long corridor. The comparison and analysis prove that determining the power law along the meridian line is an important task in designs for progressive addition lenses.

Gold labeled immunochromatography assay is widely used in many fields. Quantitative test can be realized by using a reflectance photometer. However, theoretical analysis of the strip and the photometer has seldom been reported. In this paper, the microstructure of immunochromatographic strip labeled by nanogold particles is analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the SEM images of the strip, Mie's scattering theory is used to investigate the scattering behaviors of particles in the strip, and Lambert cosine law is applied to analyze the diffuse reflection of porous strip. Besides, a reflectance photometer for gold labeled test strip has been developed for fast quantification of immunochromatography assay in our group. Theoretical model is achieved by introducing the parameter of the developed reflectance photometer. The calculated scattering signal distribution is well consistent with that measured by the reflectance photometer.

By analyzing the multi-resolution characteristics of wavelet series, the frequency distribution of detail and approximation coefficients is deduced. It is concluded that the frequency of detail coefficients in low levels is higher than that in high levels, and the frequency of approximation coefficients is the lowest. According to this conclusion, this paper proposes a new method of remote sensing image recovery based on Weighted Wavelet Coefficient (WWC), namely, removing the cloud and mist from the remote sensing images using weighted wavelet coefficient algorithm. Suppose the image is decomposed by η levels with wavelet transform. By choosing reasonable level number l, the scenery information is mainly distributed to 1~l levels where detail coefficients have lower frequency and cloud and mist noise information are distributed mainly to l~n; levels where detail coefficients have relatively higher frequency. Approximation coefficients will also include cloud information. Detail coefficients in low levels and high levels and approximation coefficients are weighted with different factors. The scenery information is enhanced by increasing detail coefficients in low levels with a weight great than 1. The cloud and mist noise is weakened by decreasing detail coefficients in high levels with a weight less than 1. Approximation coefficients are weighted appropriately if including cloud. It is also proposed that the information entropy is taken as a criterion for choosing the number of the demarcation levels and the weighted factors. We have confirmed that our new algorithm is better than homomorphism filtering and Retinex algorithm by experiments.

In order to decrease the aerodynamic drag of supersonic image guide missile and design a non-spherical dome, the outflow field of the missile's dome is simulated using FLUENT. Based on the simulated results, the accurate density field of the outflow field at all kinds of flight conditions is obtained, and then the refractive index field of the outflow field is gotten according to the Gladstone-Dale law. The results show that the shock wave induces the heterogeneity of the refractive index field and the turbulent causes distortion. The outflow field is divided into several zones which are taken as equivalent lenses for aberration analysis.

When laser ranger is transported or used in field operations, the transmitting axis, receiving axis and aiming axis may be not parallel. The nonparallelism of the three-light-axis will affect the range-measuring ability or make laser ranger not be operated exactly. So testing and adjusting the three-light-axis parallelity in the production and maintenance of laser ranger is important to ensure using laser ranger reliably. The paper proposes a new measurement method using digital image processing based on the comparison of some common measurement methods for the three-light-axis parallelity. It uses large aperture off-axis paraboloid reflector to get the images of laser spot and white light cross line, and then process the images on LabVIEW platform. The center of white light cross line can be achieved by the matching arithmetic in LABVIEW DLL. And the center of laser spot can be achieved by gradation transformation, binarization and area filter in turn. The software system can set CCD, detect the off-axis paraboloid reflector, measure the parallelity of transmitting axis and aiming axis and control the attenuation device. The hardware system selects SAA7111A, a programmable vedio decoding chip, to perform A/D conversion. FIFO (first-in first-out) is selected as buffer.USB bus is used to transmit data to PC. The three-light-axis parallelity can be achieved according to the position bias between them. The device based on this method has been already used. The application proves this method has high precision, speediness and automatization.

Star trackers determine attitude by identifying stars imaged on the image sensor via an optical system whose performance is required to meet the star identification algorithm. The method to determine parameters of the optical system is proposed based on the identification algorithm. These parameters include focal length, aperture, and field of view (FOV). Aberration correction requirements are also analyzed. Pyramid identification algorithm utilized in this paper is investigated. Some improved approaches are presented for star map processing, onboard catalog organization and star identification. A link table construction is designed to save brightness from the programmed APS sensor which decreases data effectively and enhances the ability to calculate star positions in star maps. A method is developed to organize the onboard catalog which avoids searching and comparing similar star pairs but makes for rapid and unique identification. When performing star identification with Pyramid identification algorithm, only X brightest stars are chosen from star maps to acquire high signal to noise ratio and decrease spikes. Star number statistics is fulfilled all over the sky with any orientations by varying FOV and limited magnitude. Base on the requirement of the identification algorithm, parameters of the optical system are determined with the given STAR1000 APS sensor by analyzing their feasibility in optical design. According to these determined parameters, a star camera is designed. An onboard catalog on which star identification relies is produced. Star identification simulation is implemented. Simulation result proves that the designed system gets a satisfactory performance.

This paper describes the optimization solution improving the total quality of the primary mirror supporting type. With the methods of Finite element analysis(FEA), Orthogonal experiment and BP Neural Network, the relationship between the structure parameters in primary mirror supporting type and the deformation of the primary mirror is built. With this relationship and Genetic Algorithm(GA) optimization design, a group of reasonable technology parameters is found that can improve the static stiffness of the primary mirror supporting type so as to reduce the gravity deformation of the primary mirror. The modal analysis and random vibration analysis are also discussed in detail, and the results indicate that the dynamic stiffness of the primary mirror supporting type is also improved.

A front-end design of an ASIC that implements calibration and correction for IRFPA non-uniformity is presented. An algorithm suitable for ASIC implementation is introduced, and one kind of architecture that implements this algorithm has been designed. We map the architecture to TSMC 0.25um process. After evaluating the chip area and operation speed, we confirm that this architect will also be effective when the FPA scale in enlarged to 1Kby1K. Finally the flow of circuit implementation and method of verification are introduced briefly.

In this paper, a novel edge-parameter analysis method of the blu' identification based on the single-threshold Pulse Coupled Neural Networks (PCNN) model is proposed for image de-blurring application. It suits to the identification of the horizontal linear motion blur. This new identification method not only improves on the traditional PCNN, but also uses the normalized local entropy. On the one hand, the new method uses the local entropy which is normalized between 0 and 255. On the other hand, a new model called the single-threshold PCNN is proposed in this article. Comparing with the traditional PCNN, the improved one calculates faster, and it is more sensitive to the image edges. The experimental results which are obtained from the different images and the same image with the different resolution show that the new algorithm is very effective and the curve is the very steady graph. The identification precision is about 4 to 30 pixels.

The phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer (PS/PDI) is so far the most accurate measurement tool in atwavelength interferometry of projection optics for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). The complicate interrelationships between configuration parameters of PS/PDI call for an optimization to achieve high accuracy of PS/PDI. In this paper, a novel system-level modeling approach is proposed to optimize the parameters of PS/PDI designed for visible light (λ=632.8nm) concept proof experiment. The optimal reference pinhole size selection is performed by modeling pinhole spatial filtering effect using Diffraction-Based Beam Propagation (BPR) module of CODE V and in house software. The result shows that various pinhole diameters ranging from 1.6um to 2.2um should be used in our PS/PDI experiment. The test window size and grating duty cycle optimization, which is based on the spatial frequency domain analysis of PS/PDI, is conducted by modeling the entire PS/PDI system using Physical Optics Propagation (POP) module of Zemax and in house software. The optimal window size is approximately 62um for a given window-pinhole separation of 63.3um. The optimal duty cycle of grating is calculated to be 83% to obtain the maximum fringe contrast of 0.879.

A novel image block matching algorithm based on motion vectors of correlative pixels in oblique direction is presented for digital image stabilization. Digital image stabilization is the new generation of image stabilization technology which can obtains the information of relative motion between frames of dynamic image sequences through the method of digital image processing. The image matching algorithm is one of the digital image stabilization methods. But when the grey values of pixels in the matching image block don't have obvious change or the shaking frame has rotational motion with the referenced frame, the matching effect of the traditional algorithm is not ideal. The novel matching algorithm calculated in 45 degrees oblique direction is presented. The matching parameters in this method contain transverse vectors and vertical vectors in the image blocks at the same time. More veracious matching information can be obtained after making correlative operation in the oblique direction. The novel method can make sure that matching precision can be less than 0.5 pixels when the excursion value in shaking frame are 40 pixels. When the image sequences have rotational motion less than 15 degree, the right matching blocks also can be obtained in this algorithm.

Many 3D displays have been proposed for medical use. When we design and evaluate new system, there are three demands from surgeons. Priority is the precision. Secondly, displayed images should be easy to understand, In addition, surgery lasts hours and hours, they do not like fatiguing display. The stereo television endoscope researched in this paper make celiac viscera image on the photosurface of the left and right CCD by imitating human binocular stereo vision effect by using the double-optical lines system. The left and right video signal will be processed by frequency multiplication and display on the monitor, people can observe the stereo image which has depth impression by using a polarized LCD screen and a pair of polarized glasses. Clinical experiments show that by using the stereo TV endoscope people can make minimally invasive surgery more safe and reliable, and can shorten the operation time, and can improve the operation accuracy.

High frequency, as well as automation and day light ranging, is a signify feature of new generation Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) systems. In spite of increase the quantity of observation data, the high frequency SLR can also significantly improve the SP and NP precision. These trends of SLR technology lead to new requirement of control circuit. In this paper, an implementation of control circuit in single FPGA chip was present. SOPC (system on programmable chip) system was proposed to solve these problems. To realize the system, a control circuit custom component was designed and simulated by us. Then, the component was integrated into a SOPC system. Cooperated with software, the circuit has the ability to control the SLR system running at high frequency. Finally, the system was simulated in the Quartus software and NIOS IDE provided by Altera and implemented in an Altera EP1S10 development kit.

As an embranchment of nondestructive testing, the industrial borescope plays an important role in fields of industrial fault diagnosing, quality controlling and product evaluating from its beginning. The electronic borescope adopts the latest technology and is widely used now. A new portable industrial electronic borescope is designed based on CMOS image sensor and embedded system. It consists of four parts: lighting, imaging lens, CMOS camera and embedded system for image acquisition and processing, which has the advantages of small volume, low power consumption, and portable. The optic system uses a reverse-telephoto configuration lens. The white LED is used as light source. A 3.6μm pixel size of 640*480 image array CMOS image sensor is adopted. The embedded system is designed based on ARM microprocessor as main control and processing unit. In software image processing technique is used to improve the image. The diameter of electronic borescope probe is 10mm. It can inspect surfaces inside narrow tubes or difficult-toreach chambers like inside engine.

The roughness of the surface is an important parameter that reflects the quality of the object. Optical methods are the usual ways to measure the surface roughness including scattering method, speckle method, interferometric method and optical stylus method. But they are highly required the precision of the mechanism and they are not convenient to realize the automatic measurement. To improve the structure and the automatic performance, this surface roughness measurement system is based on the theory of two-dimensional phase unwrapping that is widely used in aerophotogrammetry. With the theory, the three dimensional data can be calculated from the images detected. The difference is that the image is captured by radar in aerophotogrammetrytly while it is got by using optical structure in this system. The images are got through the optical structure with the structured light. To control the phase of the light, the gratings is used in the system controlled by the piezoelectric ceramics. The phase information is contained in the image and captured by the CCD camera. To analyze the images captured through the optical system, the phase should be extracted from the images through complex operation to generate the phase map. The quality-guided algorithm is the main algorithm in this system. LabVIEW is the main software development environment and the massive calculation is accomplished in the dynamic linked library complied by Visual C++ to realize the image processing. Through the stereogram showed in the software we can clearly get the three dimensional information of the surface.

Warp and weft density is commonly considered as one of the most important index for estimating the quality of fabrics. However, the detecting method adopted is basically base on manually counting. It is rather inefficient. This article demonstrates how to construct efficient system to achieve automatically detection. Fabric is first coupled into the image sensor by a specific optical system, whose resolution matching is carefully designed. And other component parameters are also well considered. What is more, the system contains a light source to provide uniformed illumination. A circuit board with camera module is constructed to perform the role of image processing platform. With amazingly agile performance provide by an ARM920T processor, and featuring an incredible breadth of peripheral interfaces, the platform is well suit for fabric density detection. The periodicity within the captured image furnishes convenience for analysis in frequency domain. After FFT the intensity peaks ranked orderly around the original point. However, the peaks in the spectrum are always blurred by severe interference whose form is usually an image or a pattern on the fabric. For this reason, a specific algorithm should be worked out to erode the peaks from the blurred edge to the center. Sometimes, the central peak is so severely blurred and the central peak is actually useless for us, a unique algorithm is employed to kick off the central peak. By this way, the position of the surround peaks can be easily located. And the density can also be easily worked out.

The dynamic pattern generator of resolution test target is widely used to evaluate the imaging quality of the optical system. The dynamic pattern generator is composed of resolution test target and linear motion device and it can provide uniform motion within 400 millimeters. The resolution test target is photoengraved on the demands of photoelectric detection system and their patterns are different to be replaced. The length of the resolution test targets are specially designed to reduce the difficulty of the time system synchronism. The linear motion device is made of linear motor servo system. It can implement high speed, high precision and reliable motion. The servo system is designed with current loop, speed loop and position loop. The current loop and the speed loop are the inner control loops of the servo system and they can compensate the influence of the power fluctuation and nonlinear, uncertain factors to lessen the burden of the main loop. The inner loop employs proportion and integration (PI) algorithm without derivation feedback. The position loop, which belongs to the outer control loop, adopts proportion, integration and derivation (PID) algorithm and forward feedback algorithm. The Hall sensors are feedbacks of the current loop, the grating rule is the feedback for both the speed loop and position loop. The servo system is designed for the speed stability, so the speed is the control goal. Especially, control of high speed and low speed is implemented by speed and acceleration forward feedback. The servo system can get the precision of 1%.

Implementing blind lossless watermark embedding in the process of SPIHT compression and coding is the research theme of this paper. Thus some improvement needs to be made in SPIHT coding algorithm. That is, separating symbols from data to acquire binary code stream of symbol information portion and positive integers of structure numerical value information portion; implementing CBAC compression coding separately for symbol code stream; using linear transformation of integer mean difference for specified area to achieve lossless watermark embedding, moreover, blind watermark extraction is also available. After implementing SPIHT compression coding for positive integers of structure numerical value information, a compound watermark contained compression code stream can be derived from symbol compression code stream and numerical value code stream. Watermark extraction is the reverse process of watermark embedding.

Eliminating correlated redundancy of space and energy by using a DWT lifting scheme and reducing the complexity of the image by using an algebraic transform among the RGB components. An improved Rice Coding algorithm, in which presents an enumerating DWT lifting scheme that fits any size images by image renormalization has been proposed in this paper. This algorithm has a coding and decoding process without backtracking for dealing with the pixels of an image. It support LOCO-I and it can also be applied to Coder / Decoder. Simulation analysis indicates that the proposed method can achieve a high image compression. Compare with Lossless-JPG, PNG(Microsoft), PNG(Rene), PNG(Photoshop), PNG(Anix PicViewer), PNG(ACDSee), PNG(Ulead photo Explorer), JPEG2000, PNG(KoDa Inc), SPIHT and JPEG-LS, the lossless image compression ratio improved 45%, 29%, 25%, 21%, 19%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 11%, 10.5%, 10% separately with 24 pieces of RGB image provided by KoDa Inc. Accessing the main memory in Pentium IV,CPU2.20GHZ and 256MRAM, the coding speed of the proposed coder can be increased about 21 times than the SPIHT and the efficiency of the performance can be increased 166% or so, the decoder's coding speed can be increased about 17 times than the SPIHT and the efficiency of the performance can be increased 128% or so.

Scene Classification refers to as assigning a physical scene into one of a set of predefined categories. Utilizing the method texture feature is good for providing the approach to classify scenes. Texture can be considered to be repeating patterns of local variation of pixel intensities. And texture analysis is important in many applications of computer image analysis for classification or segmentation of images based on local spatial variations of intensity. Texture describes the structural information of images, so it provides another data to classify comparing to the spectrum. Now, infrared thermal imagers are used in different kinds of fields. Since infrared images of the objects reflect their own thermal radiation, there are some shortcomings of infrared images: the poor contrast between the objectives and background, the effects of blurs edges, much noise and so on. Because of these shortcomings, it is difficult to extract to the texture feature of infrared images. In this paper we have developed an infrared image texture feature-based algorithm to classify scenes of infrared images. This paper researches texture extraction using Gabor wavelet transform. The transformation of Gabor has excellent capability in analysis the frequency and direction of the partial district. Gabor wavelets is chosen for its biological relevance and technical properties In the first place, after introducing the Gabor wavelet transform and the texture analysis methods, the infrared images are extracted texture feature by Gabor wavelet transform. It is utilized the multi-scale property of Gabor filter. In the second place, we take multi-dimensional means and standard deviation with different scales and directions as texture parameters. The last stage is classification of scene texture parameters with least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) algorithm. SVM is based on the principle of structural risk minimization (SRM). Compared with SVM, LS-SVM has overcome the shortcoming of higher computational burden by solving linear equations, and has been widely used in classification and nonlinear function estimation. Some experimental results are given in the end. The result shows that Gabor wavelet transform is successful to extract the texture feature of infrared image. Compared with other methods the method mentioned in this paper reduces the probability of recognition and enhances the robustness.

The trace H₂S in range of 0-20ppm has been measured by means of off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) technology combined with tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technology. The instrument uses off-axis alignment geometry to eliminate the problem of mode matching between laser and optical resonant cavity, in absenting the piezoelectric transducer. Combined with the high sensitivity of the TDLAS technology, sensitivity of the instrument is improved. The repeatability of instrument in H₂S measurement achieves to 0.303ppm (3σ), linearity less than ±1% F.S., which meet the requirement of trace H₂S measurement in petrochemical or natural gas industry.

This article describes the characteristics of the far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation and its applications in the space weather's research and prediction. The FUV imaging spectrometer is irreplaceable to get the FUV radiation data of the earth's upper atmosphere. Some key technologies of FUV spectrometer are analyzed respectively, including window materials, FUV light source, FUV detectors and FUV coating, which offer theoretical foundation for FUV imaging spectrometer. The paper presents a FUV band imaging spectrometer's optical system which is based on crossed Czerny-Turner structure with all reflective components in it. The wavelength range of the FUV spectrometer optical system is from 100nm to 200nm and the initial structure is simulated and optimized by Zemax in order to improve the spectral resolution. The theoretical spectral resolution of the system is better than 1nm, and it has a certain imaging capacity.

Recent research results show that the low-frequency noise of optoelectronic coupled devices has become an important sensitive parameter affecting its operational status and reliability. Screening optoelectronic coupled devices is an effective method by measuring the noise power spectrum. However, this method is based on the traditional Fourier analysis and spectrum analysis, its measuring speed is quite slow, and the method used to establish screening threshold is more complicated. In this paper, a set of measurement and analysis system based on virtual instrument is set up, which is composed of dual-channel low-noise pre-amplifiers, dynamic signal analyzer Agilent35670A and PC. According to the wavelet analysis method, the different kinds of noise can be identified. Through the GPIB control, separating the 1/f noise, the g-r noise and the burst noise is performed and the noise analysis process is finished by the LabVIEW procedure. Experimental results demonstrate that this system can not only improve reliability of screening device to satisfy higher reliability and quality requirement, but also the testing and analyzing process is finished faster and more accurately than the traditional method.

Based on the transmission character of atmospheric channel and the model of single-scattering and multiple-scattering, the influence of laser pulse intensity and pulse broadening in different atmosphere are studied in this paper. According to the simulation results, it can be concluded that the laser pulse intensity passing though atmospheric channel is inversely proportional to scattering coefficient and transmitting distance, contrarily the pulse width directly proportional to the mean square scattering angle of particle and the single scattering ratio. The research results have the important value for achieving the engineering application of free-space optical communication.

Two-dimensional phase unwrapping method is important in a great number of applications. Flynn's minimum discontinuity phase unwrapping algorithm can be used to solve many different kinds of phase unwrapping problems successfully, but its main drawback is that, since it takes the whole wrapped phase image as the scanning areas, it requires a large amount of computations and has low efficiency in searching for the phase's discontinuity within the improving loop search area. To overcome this drawback, a novel minimum discontinuity phase unwrapping algorithm using pretreatment and edge detection is proposed. In the new algorithm, a pretreatment operation is carried out on the wrapped phase image to identify the isolated noisy pixels and exclude them from the search areas. Then, the phase's discontinuity areas within wrapped phase image are detected based on edge detection techniques and taken as the improving loop search areas. By these means, the efficiency of the new minimum discontinuity phase unwrapping algorithm is significantly improved because the required scanning range is cut down to a large extent. This new algorithm is described in detail and tested by using a noisy IFSAR experimental wrapped phase image. Unwrapped results make it clear that the new algorithm works very well and is more effectively than the Flynn's minimum discontinuity algorithm.

Singular optics studying optical vortices, or phase singularities, has grown rapidly recently because optical vortices have some interesting properties and promising applications, for instance, to construct highly versatile optical tweezers. In this article, the focusing properties of hyperbolic-cosine-Gaussian beam, which contains a non-spiral optical vortex and a spiral optical vortex, are investigated numerically. The phase plate may be used to construct non-spiral optical vortex by putting phase plate in a half section part of hyperbolic-cosine-Gaussian beam. Results show that the parameters of nonspiral optical vortex and spiral optical vortex influence focal intensity distribution considerably, and some novel focal patterns, such as line focal spot, "H" shape focal spot, and intensity peaks array, may occur. Focal shift and focal split may also appear in focal evolution with tunable parameters of vortices terms. The focal evolution differs for different parameters in cosh parts of hyperbolic-cosine-Gaussian beam.

As a fundamental image processing operation, a good denoising method should keep the original image information as much as possible. However, most denoising methods may degrade or remove the fine details and texture of the original image. In this paper, a force field method is adopted to transform the image pixels within a local window into a potential energy surface and then to distinguish the image edges and the noises in this potential energy field. Afterwards, different templates are used according to the judgment and the adaptive filter is applied to the local pixels respectively. This new method has less computational complexity than the other algorithms of transform domain, which means it can be implemented in a real-time processing system. Also the new method can preserve more image edges than the traditional filters. Finally the performance of the proposed method is compared in this paper with other popular methods by using evaluation criterion of SNR and SSIM(a measure of structural similarity). The results show that the proposed method is reliable and especially helpful to preserve the image details.

A new transceiving protocol is demonstrated for a Free Space Optical (FSO) communication system, and it's discussed in two parts: the transmitting protocol and the receiving protocol. During the discussion of these two parts, the cooperation of them is also discussed. Different from wired communication, an FSO system modulates the data on a narrow beam of laser transmitting through the free space or the atmosphere, and the protocol presented in this paper is mainly optimized for terrestrial Free Space Optical links, in which the signal channel of the system is mainly the atmosphere. Due to the complex composition and activity of the atmosphere, this signal channel brings in great influence on the transmitting laser in it, for example, the absorption and scattering of the atmosphere molecules and aerosols, the scintillation of received laser power caused by the turbulence of the atmosphere, all of which results in a much higher Bit Error Rate (BER) of the communication system. Thus in designing a protocol for an FSO system, more effort should be taken in the encoding of the data stream, the synchronization of the data stream, error checking and exception handling. The main function of the transmitting protocol includes interfacing the outer input data with a parallel port, buffering the input data, encoding the input data stream, serializing the parallel data and output the serialized data. It also has an output management unit to manage the activity of each part of the transmitting protocol. The main function of the receiving protocol includes filtering and synchronizing the input serial data stream, paralleling the serial data stream, decoding the input data, error checking, exception handling and interfacing the outer receiver with a parallel port. The entire transceiving protocol could be programmed into a single FPGA chip to improve system integrity and reduce the system cost. The presented protocol could be taken as "protocol transparent" for outer interfaces, meaning that when interfacing the presented system to an outer system, you don't have to consider what protocol the outer system transceiving data stream is under, for example, the TCP/IP protocol or anything else, in the case that its I/O interface is a parallel port. Simulation and final experiment prove that the protocol presented is working fine at a certain bit rate scale.

Based on Possion equation, a thermal conduct model of laser crystal was established. The temperature distribution in laser crystal were obtained,and the optics path difference(OPD) induced by end-face distortion and total OPD were caculated. Based on the calculation, the focal length of laser crystal with different pumping powers was obtained. The experimental result agrees with the caculated result very well. When the pumping power is 2 W and the radius of pumping beams is 320μm; the OPD induced by end-face distortion is 36% of the toatal OPD for ND:YVO₄ crystal. When the pumping power is 5W, the focal length of crystal is 29.7mm. The study shows that, for the solid-stste laser with high power, the OPD induced by end-face distortion has a large influence on theraml effect of laser crystal. This study provides a theoretical direction for improving the stability of laser and studying the thermal effect of laser crystal.

This paper presents a three-dimensional video laparoscopy is component binocular stereo endoscope optical system, dual-CCD imaging system and time-division stereo display system, it apply the dual-optical path imaging system, timedivision a stereo display system to make the image refresh frequency achieve 100 Hz, the image without blinking and achieve the required of real-time stereo display in minimally invasive surgery . The system can be used in minimally invasive surgery, and also can be applied to hole detection technology.

Medical ultrasonic endoscope is the combination of electronic endoscope and ultrasonic sensor technology. Ultrasonic endoscope sends the ultrasonic probe into coelom through biopsy channel of electronic endoscope and rotates it by a micro pre-motor, which requires that the length of ultrasonic probe is no more than 14mm and the diameter is no more than 2.2mm. As a result, the ultrasonic excitation power is very low and it is difficult to obtain a sharp image. In order to increase the energy and SNR of ultrasonic signal, we introduce coded excitation into the ultrasonic imaging system, which is widely used in radar system. Coded excitation uses a long coded pulse to drive ultrasonic transducer, which can increase the average transmitting power accordingly. In this paper, in order to avoid the overlapping between adjacent echo, we used a four-figure Barker code to drive the ultrasonic transducer, which is modulated at the operating frequency of transducer to improve the emission efficiency. The implementation of coded excitation is closely associated with the transient operating characteristic of ultrasonic transducer. In this paper, the transient operating characteristic of ultrasonic transducer excited by a shock pulse δ(t) is firstly analyzed, and then the exciting pulse generated by special ultrasonic transmitting circuit composing of MD1211 and TC6320. In the final part of the paper, we designed an experiment to validate the coded excitation with transducer operating at 5MHz and a glass filled with ultrasonic coupling liquid as the object. Driven by a FPGA, the ultrasonic transmitting circuit output a four-figure Barker excitation pulse modulated at 5MHz, ±20 voltage and is consistent with the transient operating characteristic of ultrasonic transducer after matched by matching circuit. The reflected echo from glass possesses coded character, which is identical with the simulating result by Matlab. Furthermore, the signal's amplitude is higher.

The principle of the double parallel light path projection method is to image the workpiece' right and left edges onto two CCDs respectively, through two parallel light paths. Then the workpiece's external diameter can be obtained by calculating the length of the photosensitive units on the shadow field of the two CCDs, plus to the distance between two parallel light paths. In this way, double light path measurement system enlarges the measurement range while ensuring the measurement accuracy. To obtain exactly the result, the video signal output by CCD should be first filtered and amplified, then binary-value processed and at last pulse filled and counted. In the mechanical design of the system, screw pair drive is applied to achieve the up-and-down movement. Its precision mainly lies on the Abbe Error caused by the offset between the centerline and the mobile line of the capacitive-gate ruler, the heeling error of the guide mechanism, and the error caused by the dilatometric change of parts resulted from the temperature change. Rotary mechanism is achieved by stepper motor and gear drive. Its precision is determined by the stepping angle error of the stepper motor, the gear transmission error, and the heeling error of the piston relative to the rotation axis. The software mainly includes serial communication interface program, elevator motor control program, rotating motor control program, data processing program and error modification program.

The thermoelastic mechanism for laser generation of acoustic waves in liquids is presented first of all. The amplitude of the acoustic waves excited by this mechanism is so small that most of time it can not satisfy application requirements. In our research, a Helmholtz resonance photoacoustic cell is employed to resolve the problem. It consists of a sample cell and a Helmholtz resonator. When the modulating frequency of a laser beam is equal to the acoustical resonance frequency of a Helmholtz resonator, the photoacoustic cell corresponds to an acoustic amplifier in the photoacoustic system. And then the amplifying performance of a Helmholtz resonance photoacoustic cell under liquids is investigated. The theoretical analysis indicates that both the resonance frequency and the magnitude of enlargement are dependent on the parameters of the Helmholtz resonator and the medium characteristics in and around the cell. After that, for a given laser source, a photoacoustic cell is designed to amplify the acoustic waves excited by the laser beam. The resonance frequency, the peak magnitude of enlargement, and the transfer function are analyzed theoretically. At last, an experimental system is set up. The photoacoustic signal is simulated by a single-frequency acoustic signal. The acoustic waves both inside and outside the photoacoustic cell are picked up using broadband piezoelectric hydrophones synchronously. The transfer function curve of the resonance photoacoustic cell is obtained experimentally. The results derived from theoretic analysis and those obtained from experiments agree with each other well.

Endoscopic ultrasonic imaging system is an important component in the endoscopic ultrasonography system (EUS). Through the ultrasonic probe, the characteristics of the fault histology features of digestive organs is detected by EUS, and then received by the reception circuit which making up of amplifying, gain compensation, filtering and A/D converter circuit, in the form of ultrasonic echo. Endoscopic ultrasonic imaging system is the back-end processing system of the EUS, with the function of receiving digital ultrasonic echo modulated by the digestive tract wall from the reception circuit, acquiring and showing the fault histology features in the form of image and characteristic data after digital signal processing, such as demodulation, etc. Traditional endoscopic ultrasonic imaging systems are mainly based on image acquisition and processing chips, which connecting to personal computer with USB2.0 circuit, with the faults of expensive, complicated structure, poor portability, and difficult to popularize. To against the shortcomings above, this paper presents the methods of digital signal acquisition and processing specially based on embedded technology with the core hardware structure of ARM and FPGA for substituting the traditional design with USB2.0 and personal computer. With built-in FIFO and dual-buffer, FPGA implement the ping-pong operation of data storage, simultaneously transferring the image data into ARM through the EBI bus by DMA function, which is controlled by ARM to carry out the purpose of high-speed transmission. The ARM system is being chosen to implement the responsibility of image display every time DMA transmission over and actualizing system control with the drivers and applications running on the embedded operating system Windows CE, which could provide a stable, safe and reliable running platform for the embedded device software. Profiting from the excellent graphical user interface (GUI) and good performance of Windows CE, we can not only clearly show 511×511 pixels ultrasonic echo images through application program, but also provide a simple and friendly operating interface with mouse and touch screen which is more convenient than the traditional endoscopic ultrasonic imaging system. Including core and peripheral circuits of FPGA and ARM, power network circuit and LCD display circuit, we designed the whole embedded system, achieving the desired purpose by implementing ultrasonic image display properly after the experimental verification, solving the problem of hugeness and complexity of the traditional endoscopic ultrasonic imaging system.

Magnetotransmission spectroscopy, the optical absorption measurement using circularly polarized light in the range from far infrared to near ultraviolet, is a direct method to study the energy structure of diluted magnetic semiconductors. In this paper, the magnetotransmission measurement is performed on the ferromagnetic Mn-doped ZnO films. The splitting between two circularly polarized light absorption edge is up to 10 meV under external magnetic field of 0.8 T at room temperature. The splitting is closely follows the magnetization of the films, as measured using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The observed ferromagnetic-type splitting of absorption edge is explained by antiferromagnetic p-d exchange interaction.

Non-standard video acquisition is a common requirement in science research, industrial detection and medical instrument. A general analog video signal acquisition scheme using TI DSP video port cooperates with video ADC AD9985 is proposed in this paper. FPGA is used to package AD9985 output data into 16bit width and decrease half of pixel clock frequency, in order to resolve video port bandwidth bottleneck problem. The experiments show that the system can capture a variety of analog video formats, including non-standard video and standard video signals. Resolution of captured video can be up to 2048×2048 in case of frame rate under 30fps, and the captured frame rate can reach up to 400fps in case of resolution under 640×480. The image quality obtained is quite well, and system parameters can be adjusted conveniently.

Based on Karman's equation for symmetrical circular membrane and Qian's theory of circular membrane under the action of uniformly distributed loads in its central portion, the relationship between the curvature of the center cross section of a membrane mirror on a substrate of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film and the external pressure, and the deviation between the surface shape of the membrane mirror and that of a paraboloid mirror with the same diameter and F/number have been calculated in this paper. The changes of the surface shape of the mirror under various initial boundary conditions and various external pressures applied on it have been analyzed theoretically. An experimental setup for the figuration of a membrane mirror in a diameter of 100mm has been designed and established. The pre-shape of the membrane, the negative air-pressured deformation and the electrostatic deformation were combined to shape a membrane mirror with a relative small curvature radius. The focal lengths of the mirror under different initial boundary condition and different external pressures have been measured and analyzed comparing to that of the theoretical one. The experimental results show the possibility of the method for the figuration of membrane mirrors.

This paper investigates the focusing properties by a single lens, based on the optically thinner medium (OTM). The lens model is of a plano-concave shape, made from the OTM with a refractive index of 0.5 at the wavelength λ=6.328e-4mm, named the plano-concave OTM thick lens. Any geometrical approximation is not included in the deducing process, which ensures that the full geometrical aberrations are included. The intensity distribution, in its focal region, can be calculated by the Huygens-Fresnel integral formula, using the phase and intensity distributions on the reference plane. The on-axis intensity distribution in the focal region of the plano-convex optically denser medium (ODM) thick lens is given correctly. The intensity distribution in the focal region of the plano-concave OTM thick lens is plotted in two dimensions, no symmetry about the focal plane. The plano-concave OTM thick lens has smaller on-axis spherical aberration than the plano-convex ODM thick lens has, when they have the same aperture radius, equal curvature radius (not including the sign), and equal medium index difference quantity (not including the sign also) from the environmental medium air. The radial resolution, around the near end peak in the focal region of the plano-concave OTM thick lens with its total spherical aberration, breaks down the traditional diffraction limit. Therefore the planoconcave OTM thick lens will exhibit its practical super resolution abilities, if the diffraction focused spot can be filtered off, or further more if the energy outside the near end peak can be moved into it.

MWIR and LWIR are normally used in night vision system. A pseudo-color dual-band infrared image fusion algorithm is proposed in this paper based on image features in wavelet domain. After wavelet decomposed from source images, edge features are extracted from each low frequency component. The fusion rules are defined by the edge information, using local modulus maxima rule for edge pixels and its sub-band neighboring pixels, and weighted mean coefficient rule for non-edge pixels. Fusion result is mapped into pseudo-color image using special color look-up table in YUV color space. The embedded fusion system used in night vision system is designed by TI multi-media processor DM642, and the algorithm is validated on this platform. The experiments show that fusion result has good visual effect, and also has good performance on the objective evaluation and anti-noise ability.

To control oil contamination is one of the most important tasks in operating a mechanical device. Oil contamination level is a quantitative parameter used to determine the level of contamination by measuring the number, sizes and distributions of solid particles in an oil substance. According to classification standards of particles contamination level, a novel method with microscopic digital image processing is proposed to measure it. At first the oil sample to be measured is filtered by a vacuum assisted device to gather the solid particles. The filter paper is placed in between two glasses, and the microscopic digital images of it are captured by an optical microscope and a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera. The images are then segmented and extracted accordingly. After processing these images, binary images are produced to facilitate the measurement of particle size distribution, which is used to classify the contamination level. Thanks to the application of microscopic digital image processing, the proposed method is able to produce a reliable result with much cheaper expense, which was proven by the results of an experiment.

Mie theory of spherical particle is introduced in this paper. Using Mie theory, scattering energy distribution of typical-size cloud droplet is presented, as well as the relative intensity collected in certain solid angle of different size droplet. An airborne probe of cloud droplet is designed based on the Mie theory. In this probe, a 685nm diode laser is used to illuminate the cloud droplets in the sensitive volume. The scattering energy between 4°and 12°(solid angle) of forward scattering is collected. From the energy of the forward scattering, the sizes of the cloud droplets can be obtained. In the system, an aspheric lens system is used to provide uniform illumination with high use efficiency of laser. Most of the key parameters of the receiving optics system are presented, the designed deep of field (DOF) is 3mm. With this probe, the cloud droplet concentration of size between 4-50um can be measured.

This paper focus on a novel collinear lens system with annulus mirrors for holographic disc driver, both information beam and reference beam are use same laser beam. The expanded and parallel laser beam, center part of it as the information beam then through Fourier transform lens, the beam around center part as a reference beam. On this axis, the ring reference beam reflected by two annulus shaped mirrors, then became a convergent beam, together with the information beam which through the first Fourier transform lens then produce holographic pattern to be write into the holographic disc behind of them, this lens system with two mirrors made the angle between information beam and reference beam more wide, can improved the multiplex level of holographic storage. Pair of Fourier transform lens with advance performance is designed in this paper.

The implementation of a high resolution infrared image data acquisition system is introduced. An adapter is designed to provide a working environment needed by the detector and perform the functions of signal level shifting. The analog image signal is converted to digital data by high precision pipeline ADC. The acquired image data is reordered and then sent to the host computer via a PCI adapter. The image data reorder function is implemented based on asynchronous static RAM. The design detail about the noise and dynamic performance of the amplifier was present.

According to the principle of the laser diode (LD) power supply, this paper uses the chip-MAX797 as a stabilized drivencurrent source to design the circuit. And the output current of the source can reach 4 A, its output voltage can be adjustable between 2.5V and 6V. The efficiency of the drive circuit is up to 96%, and the shutdown current is only 1 λA Then make the necessary analysis about the design of the circuit. The whole circuit diagram is made up of three parts which there are an invariable driven-current source, a programmable soft-start circuit and a protection circuit of the over current and the restrained ripple. The adapter supplies the input voltage which is between 4.5V and 30V. And it adds a resistance to limit the current of the LD at last. The theory of this circuit's design is simple, and the function is as much as the conventional, but its size is smaller than the conventional driven-current source. Then summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the soft-start circuit between this paper and the traditional, and corresponding to analysis of the components selecting, it used the preferred components in the design of the circuit. Finally, there is a summary and expectation in high-power laser diode power supply design in the future.

This work introduces a new algorithm for image smoothing. Nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are employed to smooth the image while preserving the edges and corners. Compared with other filters such as average filter and median filter, it is found that the effects of image denoising by the new algorithm are better than that by other filters. The experimental results show that this method can not only remove the noise but also preserve the edges and corners. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, the algorithm becomes extremely attractive.

In this paper, we apply the coordinate transformation technique to the design of perfect lenses, which are able to perfectly reproduce an image on another surface. In particular, anisotropic metamaterials that magnify two-dimensional planar images beyond the diffraction limit are designed by the use of spheroidal coordinates. We show that the technique can be used to design transformation media that magnify images beyond the diffraction limit.

Based on a DMD spatial light modulator, a scheme for enhancement of the dynamic range of FPA detector is put forward. High dynamic range images are captured through local multiple exposures to a high contrast scene. When such a scene is taken with conventional cameras, it is hard to obtain a satisfying picture since the high and low luminance areas are respectively over and under exposed. A direct method to solve the problem is to use a FPA detector with high dynamic range. Such kinds of FPA detector are rising up but still expensive now. An alternative is to acquire multi images of same scene with different exposure times and to fuse them through processing program. It is unsuitable for the case where there are moving targets in scenes. Even for a static scene, it can take long time to obtain an image with high quality. The method suggested in this paper has the advantage that a high dynamic range image can be obtained through a single exposure. According to the image acquired by pre-exposure to the scene, many segments and their corresponding exposure times are determined. And through control of the switch time of micro-mirrors in the DMD, a high dynamic range image with high image quality can be acquired by single integration of FPA as a CCD or CMOS sensor.

An active vision sensing system which established by low power laser and common CCD is used to shoot GTAW welding pool images. Based on choose the appropriate LASER and filters, projected angle of laser and shoot angle of CCD, we avoid the disturbance of arc effectively and obtain clear images of the welding pool. The shape parameters of welding pool can obtain by demarcated and calculated. And then a three-dimentional numerical model of GTAW welding pool is established based on the theories of fluid dynamics and heat transfer. It considered the convection heat transfer of liquid metal and heat conduction of solid metal. And FLUENT software is used for simulate the GTAW welding pool. Extract the weld pool shape parameters and done comparative study with the vision detection of pool. This will be beneficial to avoid repeat experiments and improve work efficiency.

Edge detection is one of the most basic contents in image processing and identification and plays an important role in the image processing. A new edge detection method based on the multi-scale of wavelet analysis and improving the image segmentation of the best threshold is proposed. The characteristics of this new edge detection operator have been analyzed in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages between the new operator and those traditional edge detection operators have also been discussed.

To detect the biological reaction on the vein is an important part of the biological technique. In this paper, we present a description of our work in recent years on imaging in vein detector system. Novel routes to achieving alternative high sensitive detector ability are presented. The classifications and characteristics of the detector system are outlined firstly. Then, some optical design results are presented and compared in detail. At last, the optimization and the future possible research works are explored. The optics part of the detection system is generally analyzed. The first system presented considers a LED light source type arrangement where a detailed investigation of different light source is performed. The effect of varying these parameters on the optical sectioning characteristics and on the light throughput is evaluated. We also discuss current trends in vein detector system.

Existing switching mode power supply solutions cause unacceptable self-pollution within the infrared imaging system. The band unlimited PWM signal will be coupled to the input of ADC, and then be sampled. High order harmonics are aliased down to the frequency band of the image signal. With the use of the digital PWM controller, the switching frequency can be precisely synchronized with the ADC sampling clock. The predominant parts of the noise signal will be down converted into the DC signals and eliminated by image processing units. The noise immunity principle was tested and proved on an infrared image capture system.

CCD star tracker is a key equipment of satellites. It works at a broad range of wavelength, from visible wavelength to near infrared. Here we just try to analyze the influence of aberrations based on an actual system (focal length: 120mm, F number: 1.3, field of view: 12deg, wavelength range: 0.45 micron to 0.85 micron). A double Gauss system is used to decrease the chromatic aberration while other aberrations are also controlled very well. The result shows that we can get some conclusions about the influence of coma which is the most significant aberration in this system.

All objects emit radiation in amounts related to their temperature and their ability to emit radiation. The infrared image shows the invisible infrared radiation emitted directly. Because of the advantages, the technology of infrared imaging is applied to many kinds of fields. But compared with visible image, the disadvantages of infrared image are obvious. The characteristics of low luminance, low contrast and the inconspicuous difference target and background are the main disadvantages of infrared image. The aim of infrared image enhancement is to improve the interpretability or perception of information in infrared image for human viewers, or to provide 'better' input for other automated image processing techniques. Most of the adaptive algorithm for image enhancement is mainly based on the gray-scale distribution of infrared image, and is not associated with the actual image scene of the features. So the pertinence of infrared image enhancement is not strong, and the infrared image is not conducive to the application of infrared surveillance. In this paper we have developed a scene feature-based algorithm to enhance the contrast of infrared image adaptively. At first, after analyzing the scene feature of different infrared image, we have chosen the feasible parameters to describe the infrared image. In the second place, we have constructed the new histogram distributing base on the chosen parameters by using Gaussian function. In the last place, the infrared image is enhanced by constructing a new form of histogram. Experimental results show that the algorithm has better performance than other methods mentioned in this paper for infrared scene images.

In this paper, a newly developed system for simultaneously measuring five-degree-of-freedom errors of machine tools is introduced. A single-mode fiber-coupled laser module is used to eliminate the beam drift of the laser source. Only a cube corner retro-reflector and a beam splitter are adopted in the moving target in order to sense the straightness errors and angle errors (pitch and yaw) respectively and simultaneously. A special prism (including a beam-splitter facet and an all-reflecting facet) was adopted to measure the roll. A simple common-path compensation method for laser beam drift is put forward, and a 2D position-sensitive detector and a lens are used to monitor angular drift of the laser beam. It is convenient to measure the parameters of the numerical control machine in workshop due to non-cable connecting between moving target and measurement head. The error analysis and theory analysis of roll which provide potent theoretical guidance in the future are given in detail.

Thermal environment adaptability is an important aspect which should be involved in the development and test of a space camera. Generally, vacuum thermal test and thermal cycle test are two important thermal tests to ensure the reliability of a space camera. In this paper, vacuum thermal test and thermal cycle test of a space camera are introduced. During the test, we check if the camera can work normally and evaluate performance of the camera under different temperature. The performance is evaluated by the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the camera. According to the measured MTF curve, the influence of temperature on performance of this camera is evaluated.

In this paper, a new method is proposed for road extraction in complex environments. The algorithm takes full advantages of the road image characteristics. Firstly, the image is preprocessed and the object edges are extracted. Then, by dividing the image into many blocks (such as m×m), an improved Radon transform (RT) is performed to extract the line segments in images. We do Radon transformation for each block. To reduce the computing time, a threshold is set and images are resumed along the ribbon region of transformation domain. Experiments show that the presented method can extract roads even in complex environments, and moreover, it can provide a complete description of the road.

Frame transfer charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors have several characteristics which are suitable for spectroscopic analysis, scientific imaging, industrial measurement and so on. A simple platform for frame transfer CCD has been developed in this paper. The platform can implement variable integral time and pixel binning which can dynamically alter the "grain size" of frame transfer CCD and correspondingly alter the "photographic speed" of the device. With the fixed optical system and pixel size, integral time changing and pixel binning can allow adjusting the dynamic range to suit the source intensity. The integral time Elongation can detect the low intensity of the scene but depress the recognition of the moving objects. Pixel binning can intensify the capability of charge collection and further reduce CCD Readout noise. The platform we design can satisfy the complex and precise time sequences of CCD driving and process sequences, including CCD driving clocks, electronic shutter signal, A/D and black pixels clamp clocks and double correlation sampling clocks, pixel binning signal and so on. Images with various pixel binning and integral time have been acquired by using this platform on the CCD circuit system board which has been designed by our team.

A color image database of different scenes under several fixed illuminants is constructed in this paper. It contains images for 45 scenes captured under illumination of various color, lightness. Some analysis based on the database are described to find the relationship between chromatic/lightness distribution of images under different illumination. Indexes as overall mean and SD are introduced, which are reasonable to evaluate image lightness and contrast coordinating to visually representation. In order to objectively assess the influence of illuminant color to images, investigation on lαβand r-g chromatic map are explored. An improved hue correlation method is proposed based on , α βmean/SD statistical analysis, which shows excellent color constancy performance on CPVO measurement. The CPVO measurement is also established on r-g chromatic peak offset tests in this paper.

The flatness of pins is an important quality indicator for integrated circuit packaging. Almost all of the detection methods which are currently used can't be successful on efficiency and precision. In this system, the image of IC pins was captured by an properly optical systems and corresponding CCD sensor. To detect the edge of each pin, traditional algorithmic, such as Sobel operator and Roberts operator, have some disadvantages: the edge is too thick for system to accurately measure and the edge show directional character. An image segmentation and border extracting algorithm focus on the extreme of neighborhood image intensity change was adopted. The advantage of this algorithm was each pixel's neighborhood image intensity information was considered, so the algorithm is more suitable for accurately measure. After edge was extracted, how to identify the useful spots is cast as a binary classification task. The support vector machine (SVM) would be used to identify pin's spots. After proper image characteristics are obtained and a certain amount of training, SVM provides higher discrimination ratio to distinguish spots of the IC pins. To measure the flatness of pin, a particular line which can be identified easily should be put in the image as a baseline. Through calculating the distance between the pins spot and baseline, the flatness of pins is obtained accurately. In this system, the flatness of IC pins can be accurately and quickly measured, which is worthy of broad application prospect in IC packaging.

The procedure of light-path calls for WDM all-optical network was analyzed without wavelength converting in optical nodes based on L-hop path in Wavelength Routing WDM Networks, and blocking performance model was proposed. Receivers configured in optical node were introduced in the analytical model since this factor should be considered in the procedure of resource reserved for optical network. Then the final numerical result show that the receiver configuration in optical nodes can distinctly improve the blocking performance for optical network when the number of wavelengths per link is augmented with offered light load, when the receiver number is 3/4 of the number of wavelengths multiplexed per link, The blocking probability of light-path calls reach the minimum. it is difficult to enhance blocking performance of light-path calls even though the more optoelectronic receivers are added.

When roads appear as irregular linear targets, most of traditional methods which use local information often give a false alarm of linear feature. In order to overcome this disadvantage, we present an approach to extract main roads in aerial images with oriented filters. Firstly, the leading gradient direction of the local areas is estimated. Then the image is filtered along this direction. We use steerable filters to control the output and get the maximum output response along the road direction. Based on the steps above, we make much improvement in details such as the determination for the size of the sub-block image, the processing of image edge pixels and the processing of orientation angel areas and so on. Experiments on remote sensing images of different environmental settings show that our proposed scheme achieves high accuracy in the road extraction.

A new phase locking method for Master Oscillate Power Amplifier (MOPA) coherent combining system is proposed in this paper. The algorithm called Stochastic Parallel Gradient Descent (SPGD) control is adopted to correct piston errors and generate the feedback signals. The capability of this algorithm for coherent combining is demonstrated by simulation, and the relative parameters which directly influence the algorithm's convergence are also analyzed.

A static and divided mirror Michelson interferometer is a new version of Michelson interferometer. It is designed to provide simultaneous measurements of dynamical signatures in the atmosphere. In this paper the theory of the survey of upper atmospheric wind field is first introduced. Then the design of this interferometer generally described and requirements of thin films are proposed. Using the software TFCALC, four thin films are successfully simulated, which can realize wide-angle and achromatic at the same time. The accuracy of the thin films can reach to 95.6% in reflection, 2.5° degrees in phase shift and 0.75° degree in wide angle.

Range-gated underwater laser imaging technique can eliminate most of the backscattering and absorption noise effectively. It has a range of from 4 to 6 times that of a conventional camera with floodlights in the strongly scattering waters, which becomes a useful technique in oceanic research, deep-sea exploration, underwater remote control and robotic works. While because of the laser pulse stretching, the image obtained through range gated underwater imaging system has obvious nonuniformly illuminated character, such as brighter center and darker edge. Low contrast and grayish white of the image also bring great difficulty for processing. In order to adjust the lightness of the nonuniformly illuminated image of range-gated underwater imaging system, the water degradation is assumed as illumination variation and retinal-cortex theory based on color constancy is introduced. Frame integral algorithm has to be applied first to eliminate system noise for the reason that we adopt the system based on intensified gate imaging technology. And gray stretch ensures that we can attain appropriate output. In retinal-cortex models, McCann model and McCann-Frankle model have obvious effect. So we choose the two models for comparison and improve the second one considering the exponential characteristics of eyes for illumination. In order to evaluate the methods objectively, strength uniformity of signals is applied. The experimental results demonstrate that the approaches we adopted are all effective and can enhance the image contrast. And the improved McCann-Frankle model gets more satisfying visual effect.

In this paper a novel acousto-electro-optic (AEO) modulator that combined acousto-optic effects and electro-optic effects is presented. Based on the design of Acousto-optic modulator (AOD), electro-optic effects is also utilized by sticking Direct current (DC) electrodes to AOD surface, which direction of the electric field is perpendicular to the acoustic plane and the incident light. The operating mode of the AEO device is systimatically studied for the first time and the optimum operating mode is determined; we designed and made a modulator of centre frequency 60 MHz using LiNbO₃ crystal, which can realize acousto-optic effects and electro-optic effects at the same time. The experiments results show that this novel modulator can not only realize light modulation, but also has a wider 3db bandwidth, which is agreed with the theoretical analysis. This novel modulator has wider applications in optic communication and optic signal processing.

In order to meet the accuracy requirement of a target recognition system, a target recognition algorithm based on support vector machine is proposed in this paper. In the algorithm, firstly, a fast image multi-threshold segmentation method is accomplished by using a novel searching path of particle swarm optimization to separate the target from the background. Then some characteristics of target samples such as moment feature, affine invariant feature and texture feature based on co-occurrence matrix are extracted. Thus, the parameter optimizing selection is achieved according to the corresponding rule. After comparing with other kernel functions, the radial basis function kernel is selected to build a target classifier for one particular typical target. Meanwhile, a BP neural network based target recognition system is implemented to facilitate comparison. Finally, the target recognition method presented in this paper is applied to the airplane recognition. The experimental results show that the algorithm given in this paper can effectively detect and recognize the image target automatically. It can be applied to both single target and multi-objective recognition. Moreover, real-time target recognition can be achieved for single target.

This paper analyses a disparity correction of an advanced multi-sparkle camera system. This system is also called Cranz-Schardin camera, which a method to achieve extreme high-speed photography. The camera axis in this system have an angle with principal optical axis, so each image taking by different cameras in system is formed by different orientation projections of the object, and this process generates parallax among the different cameras. In order to solve this problem, camera calibration method is setting up after a detailed analysis of this system. A planar calibration is used as standard reference object in experiment. And image corresponding relationship among different cameras can be built through learning the position changes of feature points in different cameras. Then, grab pictures from transient phenomenon which need to be analyzed, and after image processing on these pictures with the image corresponding relationship, the disparity influence on experiment images in this advanced multi-sparkle camera system would be diminished.

In this paper, we proposed a new method, controllable rectangle filter, to improve the resolution of reconstruction in multi-frame digital holography. In this method, the entire process needs only one hologram with multi-frame digital holographic interference and the different images' spectrum can be obtained separately without mutual influence. Therefore the size limiting of the recording objects is reduced and the frame amounts can be increased. Moreover, the nonessential information of zero-order and the conjugate image can be eliminated well, and the resolution of the reconstructed images is enhanced. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that it is a realistic and practical approach.

Grating digital geophone is designed based on grating measurement technique benefiting averaging-error effect and wide dynamic range to improve weak signal detected precision. This paper introduced the principle of grating digital geophone and its post signal processing system. The signal acquisition circuit use Atmega 32 chip as core part and display the waveform on the Labwindows through the RS232 data link. Wavelet transform is adopted this paper to filter the grating digital geophone' output signal since the signal is unstable. This data processing method is compared with the FIR filter that widespread use in current domestic. The result indicates that the wavelet algorithm has more advantages and the SNR of seismic signal improve obviously.

An improved method of wavelet threshold denoising is introduced and applied to hyperspectral image denoising. The method estimates a threshold value for each spectrum. When the signal is transformed to the wavelet domain, a large number of coefficients with small (or zero) values and a small number of coefficients with large values are gotten. However, transforming the noise to the wavelet domain produces sort of a scattered distribution of the noise energies over all scales and translations, assuming that the noise is white. By completing these wavelet transforms, the original data cube will be completely transformed to the wavelet space. Each component in the transformed cube is considered as a wavelet coefficient that represents the frequency distribution of the input data, which can reduce the noise in the spectral domain at the same time. Thresholds are set to a scalar specifying the percentage of cumulative power to retain in the filtered wavelet transform. Find the actual percent corresponding to these coefficients. During the processing, four families of mother wavelets (Symlets, Daubechies, Haar and Coiflet) are tested in a series of experiments to estimate the functioning of those wavelets and threshold parameters. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm with Symlets provides an improvement in SNR for hyperspectral data specially.