Electrochromism of W-oxide-based films: some theoretical and experimental results

Andris Azens; A. Hjelm; David Le Bellac; Claes-Goeran Granqvist; Joanna Barczynska; E. Pentjuss; J. Gabrusenoks; J. M. Wills

doi:10.1117/12.217361

23 August 1995 Electrochromism of W-oxide-based films: some theoretical and experimental results

Andris Azens, A. Hjelm, David Le Bellac, Claes-Goeran Granqvist, Joanna Barczynska, E. Pentjuss, J. Gabrusenoks, J. M. Wills

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Proceedings Volume 2531, Optical Materials Technology for Energy Efficiency and Solar Energy Conversion XIV; (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.217361
Event: SPIE's 1995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, 1995, San Diego, CA, United States

Abstract

We survey some recent work related to electrochromic W-oxide-based thin films. The electronic structure of cubic (perovskite) WO₃ and HWO₃ was calculated from first principles. It was found, among other things, that hydroxide formation was energetically favored. Experimental studies were made on films prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering in Ar + O₂ with and without CF₄ addition and substrate bias. Structural studies by atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, infrared reflectance spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the electron bombardment associated with a positive substrate bias led to grain growth and partial crystallization while maintaining a high density of W equals O double bonds presumably on internal surfaces. Electrochemical and spectrophotometric measurements demonstrated, in particular, that tandem films -- with a thin protective layer of electron bombarded oxide covering a thicker oxyfluoride layer -- were able to combine rapid dynamics of the electrochromism with good durability. Oblique angle sputtering in Ar + O₂ gave films whose microstructure comprised inclined columns, as seen from scanning electron microscopy. Pronounced angular selective transmittance was found to coexist with electrochromism.

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Andris Azens, A. Hjelm, David Le Bellac, Claes-Goeran Granqvist, Joanna Barczynska, E. Pentjuss, J. Gabrusenoks, and J. M. Wills "Electrochromism of W-oxide-based films: some theoretical and experimental results", Proc. SPIE 2531, Optical Materials Technology for Energy Efficiency and Solar Energy Conversion XIV, (23 August 1995); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.217361

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