We revisit the design strategies of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) submarine links over transoceanic distances. We particularly investigate the optimization of EDFA settings such as fiber length, optical bandwidth and population inversion to maximize the power efficiency and/or achievable information rate (AIR) at fixed span length. When optical bandwidth is fixed, we show the existence of a unique EDFA optimum setting whatever the pump power, provided Kerr-effect is overlooked. When accounting for Kerr-effect, the EDFA parameters can be adjusted to improve AIR as pump power increases. We also show a performance enhancement when working with a variable bandwidth design at very-low and very-high pump powers.
KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo methods, Binary data, Error analysis, Transmittance, Computer simulations, Dispersion, Systems modeling, Nonlinear optics, Single mode fibers, Receivers
When increasing channel bit rate beyond 10Gb/s or when operating over fiber lines with sparse or no in-line dispersion
compensation, Kerr-like non-linear effects can be considered as second order with respect to dispersive effects, because
pulse broadening can expand over numerous neighbor pulses, before optical non-linear effects imprint their signature
noticeably. To accurately emulate the interactions between pulses in this case, a few studies emphasized that Pseudo-
Random Binary Sequences (PRBS) should be used, with exponential dependence of the required PRBS length on bit rate
and accumulated dispersion. In this paper, we explain our strategy to numerically estimate the required number of
random, noisy bits for Monte-Carlo simulations, and show that it weakly increases in presence of pulse to pulse
correlations and commonly tolerated levels of non-linearities (i.e. leading to transmission penalties as high as 1.5dB, for
reference BERs of 10-2, 10-3 or 10-5) . Then we determine the actual required PRBS length that yields the same
(sufficient) BER accuracy as the MC method. We demonstrate its actual dependence on BER, and show that MC theory
provides a reliable upper bound in FEC-assisted, highly dispersive systems.
Numerical simulations of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) often are time consuming. Making simplifying assumptions, we obtain a fast model based on the reservoir, representing the total number of useful carriers. In this paper, we explain how this model is developed and how the gain is parameterized. We demonstrate that the scattering losses, dropped in the derivation of the reservoir model, can be re-introduced by applying a simple transformation to the gain coefficient. In this way, the accuracy of the model is greatly increased, but its level of complexity remains low.
In this paper, we present a new method to equalize the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of all
wavelength division multiplexed channels at the end of a cascade of several erbium-doped fiber
amplifiers (EDFAs), by use of pre-emphasis and the proper choice of EDFA design parameters.
Identical OSNR at the end of the cascade ensures better signal detection and quality of service
Experimental measurement of in-band Four-Wave-Mixing (FWM) power in non-zero dispersion fiber is presented. A comparison with known methods shows how the proposed procedure is more accurate in frequently interesting cases.
We report on the development of a transparent optical node at 1.3 micrometers wavelength for an ATM packet switch operating at 1.24416 Gbit/s header recognition rates. The node takes advantage of the high-speed performance of optoelectronic components to alleviate potential bottlenecks resulting from optical to electrical conversion experience in nontransparent packet switching architectures. The node is intended for use in two-connected, slotted networks, is self-clocking, and has drop/add multiplexing, buffering, and routing capabilities.
Simple channel transmission error arguments show how the size of an all-optical multihop network employing deflection routing is limited for a given optical bit rate. These limits are quantified here for non-regenerative all-optical mesh networks such as the Manhattan Street Network and ShuffleNet employing solitons. It is found that the node-to-node fiber span cannot exceed a few kilometers for network sizes greater than about 64 nodes when the optical bit rate is in the range of 100 Gb/s if the packet error rate is to be bounded below 10-6.
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