Mr. Allen E. Winkelmann Profile

Allen E. Winkelmann

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Proceedings Article | 1 April 2010 Paper

Foot angle determination using conductive polymer sensors

L. Castano, A. Winkelmann, A. Flatau

Proceedings Volume 7647, 76470Z (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.847679

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Polymeric sensors, Polymers, Carbon, Databases, Smart structures, Aerospace engineering, Current controlled current source, Cerium, Coating

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A study was carried out to assess the possibility of monitoring of joint angles, foot posture and foot motion through the use of conductive polymer sensors. The sensors are composed of a carbon polymer coating on an elastic fabric and they behave like strain gauges. A mechanically driven hinge was used to simulate joint motion by generating an angle change between its wings. A sensor strip was clamped longitudinally across the hinge in order for it to stretch when the angle between the wings increases. An electrogoniometer was used to monitor the angle spanned by the two wings of the hinge. Series of simultaneous measurements of angle and resistance were conducted at different speeds. Results indicate that a unique rate of change of voltage can be assigned to a specific angular velocity. This idea allows the tabulation of a database of voltages and time derivatives of voltages with corresponding angles and angular velocities. Angular velocity information was obtained by computing the derivatives of sensor output voltages in real time and comparing both voltage and their time derivatives to values in the database, with linear interpolation used as necessary. Angular displacement was then obtained by numerically integrating velocity information. Three carbon sensors were then applied on socks and were placed on different locations of maximum strain on the foot. Wireless data transmission was added in order to enable unhindered foot motion for future applications.

Proceedings Article | 30 March 2009 Paper

A first approach to foot motion monitoring using conductive polymer sensors

L. Castano, A. Winkelmann, A. Flatau

Proceedings Volume 7292, 72922O (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.823423

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Polymeric sensors, Polymers, Argon, Resistance, Smart structures, Aerospace engineering, Current controlled current source, Electrodynamics, Motion detection

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A study was conducted of socks fitted with thin flexible conductive polymer sensors for the potential use as a smart sock for monitoring foot motion. The thin flexible sensors consisted of a conductive polymer applied on an elastic textile substrate that exhibited a resistance change when strained. Quasi-static response tests of the basic sensor over a static load range of a few Newtons were conducted and showed a time varying response as observed by previous investigators. Dynamic testing through an electrodynamic shaker shows good dynamic response at a low frequency range, less than 4Hz. Strips of 12 cm x 1 cm of the sensor on fabric showed a reproducible basal resistance on the order of 10KOhms. Other geometries of the continuous sensors and correlation of strain to resistance variation were studied. Similar tests were performed on different textile substrates which vary in composition and microstructure, i.e. woven, knitted, nylon%, polyester%, etc... These sensors were integrated into socks and preliminary results indicate that distinct responses to different foot motion patterns are detected in sensors placed at different joint locations on the foot. Further processing of strain results from smart socks should provide information about the kinematics and dynamics of the human foot.

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