We report on the development of an active stand-off imaging system operating in the 80 GHz - 110 GHz frequency
range. 3D real-time imaging is enabled by a combination of a mechanically scanned one-dimensional conventional
imaging projection with a rotating metallic reflector and a two-dimensional synthetic imaging reconstruction with a
linear array of transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) elements. The system is conceived, in order to allow a resolution better
than 1cm both in lateral, as well as in range directions by using a multi-view imaging geometry with an aperture larger
than 2 m x 2 m. The operation distance is 8.5 - 9 m. The 2D synthetically reconstructed imaging planes are derived from
the correlation of 20 sources and 24 coherent detectors. Range information is obtained by operating in a frequency
modulated continuous wave (FMCW) mode. Real-time imaging is enabled by implementing the synthetic image
reconstruction algorithms on a general purpose graphics processing unit (GPGPU) system. A multi-view imaging
geometry is implemented, in order to enhance the imaging resolution and to reduce the influence of specular reflections.
An active system for stand-off imaging operating in a frequency range from 234 GHz to 306 GHz is presented. Imaging
is achieved by combining a line array consisting of 8 emitters and 16 detectors with a scanning cylindrical mirror system.
A stand-off distance of 7-8 m is achieved using a system of mirrors with effective aperture of 0.5 x 0.5 meter.
Information about range and reflectivity of the object are obtained using an active FMCW (frequency modulated
continuous wave) radar operation principle. Data acquisition time for one line is as short as 1 ms. Synthetic image
reconstruction is achieved in real-time by an embedded GPU (Graphical Processing Unit).
C-arm angiography systems offer great flexibility in the acquisition of trajectories for computed tomography.
Theoretically, these systems are able to scan patients while standing in an upright position. This would allow novel
insights into structural changes of the human anatomy while weight bearing. However, this would require a scan on a
horizontal trajectory parallel to the ground floor which is currently not supported by standard C-arm CT acquisition
protocols.
In this paper, we compared the standard vertical and the new horizontal scanning trajectories by analysis of the source
positions and source to detector distances during the scan. We employed a C-arm calibration phantom to compute the
exact scan geometry. Based on the analysis of the projection matrices, we computed the source position in 3D and the
source to detector distance for each projection. We then used the calibrated scan geometries to reconstruct the calibration
phantom. Based on this reconstruction in comparison to the ideal phantom geometry we also evaluated the geometric
reconstruction error.
As expected, both the vertical and the horizontal scan trajectories exhibit a significant C-arm "wobble". But in both kinds
of trajectories, the reproducibility over several scans was comparable. We were able to reconstruct the calibration
phantom with satisfactory geometric reconstruction accuracy. With a reconstruction error of 0.2 mm, we conclude that
horizontal C-arm scans are possible and show properties similar to those of vertical C-arm scans.
The remaining challenge is compensation for the involuntary movement of the standing subject during a weight-bearing
acquisition. We investigated this using an optical tracking system and found that the average movement at the knee while
standing upright for 5 seconds is between 0.42 mm and 0.54 mm, and goes up to as much as 12 mm when the subject is
holding a 60° squat. This involuntary motion is much larger than the reconstruction accuracy. Hence, we expect artifacts
in reconstructions to be significant for upright positions, and overwhelming in squat positions if no motion correction is
applied.
The ability of terahertz and millimeter-wave imaging to detect suspicious hidden objects underneath or in luggage
has led to increased interest in these techniques. Several approaches have been demonstrated in the past few
years, amongst which active, all-electronic terahertz imaging has proven to be particularly adapted for safety
and security applications. It combines a large dynamic range and the ability to perform range measurements
with increased spatial resolution. At the French-German Research Institute of Saint Louis (ISL), we use an
all-electronic 3D imaging system for a comprehensive study on various suspicious objects and cloth types. We
demonstrate an enhanced detection capability for hidden suspicious objects if the range information is extracted
and visualized in appropriate ways.
A major problem of high-resolution positron-emission-tomography (PET) are subject movements during acquisition. We propose a new motion compensation algorithm called "Blind Motion-Compensated Reconstruction" (BMCR) that is able to deal with frames of extremely low statistics in the case of smooth motion. Our algorithm reconstructs both image and rigid motion just from the recorded data and does not need any external motion tracking.
This is achieved by combining image reconstruction and motion compensation into one mathematical framework which consists of a cost functional and an optimization method. The cost functional basically consists of a difference term which ensures consistency of the estimated parameters to the model and some regularization terms which render the problem mathematically well-posed. The optimization method aims at finding a pair of image and transformation/motion such that the cost functional is minimal.
Such a combined framework can overcome problems of existing algorithms which separate reconstruction and motion compensation.
These algorithms usually try to get the motion information by registering reconstructed frames one to each other (in image space).
Their main drawback is that the registration step is likely to be of low accuracy or even fail completely for low-statistics frames.
A quantitative and visual comparison suggests that BMCR is superior to state-of-the-art intrinsic methods.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders result in a significant number of consultations in primary care facilities. Chronic
constipation and diarrhea are regarded as two of the most common diseases affecting between 2&percent; and 27&percent; of the
population in western countries1-3. Defecatory disorders are most commonly due to dysfunction of the pelvic floor or the
anal sphincter. Although an exact differentiation of these pathologies is essential for adequate therapy, diagnosis is still
only based on a clinical evaluation1. Regarding quantification of constipation only the ingestion of radio-opaque markers
or radioactive isotopes and the consecutive assessment of colonic transit time using X-ray or scintigraphy, respectively,
has been feasible in clinical settings4-8. However, these approaches have several drawbacks such as involving rather
inconvenient, time consuming examinations and exposing the patient to ionizing radiation. Therefore, conventional
assessment of colonic transit time has not been widely used. Most recently a new technique for the assessment of colonic
transit time using MRI and MR-contrast media filled capsules has been introduced9. However, due to numerous
examination dates per patient and corresponding datasets with many images, the evaluation of the image data is
relatively time-consuming. The aim of our study was to develop a computer tool to facilitate the detection of the capsules
in MRI datasets and thus to shorten the evaluation time. We present a semi-automatic tool which provides an intensity,
size10, and shape-based11,12 detection of ingested Gd-DTPA-saline filled capsules. After an automatic pre-classification,
radiologists may easily correct the results using the application-specific user interface, therefore decreasing the
evaluation time significantly.
KEYWORDS: Motion estimation, Video, Video coding, Motion analysis, Chlorine, Very large scale integration, Video compression, Computer programming, Visualization, Statistical analysis
A complexity and visual quality analysis of several fast motion estimation (ME) algorithms for the emerging MPEG-4 standard was performed as a basis for HW/SW partitioning for VLSI implementation of a portable multimedia terminal. While the computational complexity for the ME of previously standardized video coding schemes was predictable over time, the support of arbitrarily shaped visual objects (VO), various coding options within MPEG-4 as well as content dependent complexity (caused e.g. by summation truncation for SAD) introduce now content (and therefore time) dependent computational requirements, which can't be determined analytically. Therefore a new time dependent complexity analysis method, based on statistical analysis of memory access bandwidth, arithmetic and control instruction counts utilized by a real processor, was developed and applied. Fast ME algorithms can be classified into search area subsampling, pel decimation, feature matching, adaptive hierarchical ME and simplified distance criteria. Several specific implementations of algorithms belonging to these classes are compared in terms of complexity and PSNR to ME algorithms for arbitrarily and rectangular shaped VOs. It is shown that the average macroblock (MB) computational complexity per arbitrary shaped P-VOP (video object plane) depicts a significant variation over time for the different motion estimation algorithms. These results indicate that theoretical estimations and the number of MBs per VOP are of limited applicability as approximation for computational complexity over time, which is required e.g. for average system load specification (in contrast to worst case specification), for real-time processor task scheduling, and for Quality of Service guarantees of several VOs.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.