In the present work, we propose a novel reference-less wavefront sensing method in a grating array-based wavefront sensor (GAWS). The proposed sensing method utilizes both +1 and -1 diffraction orders. The key idea is that when there is a local tilt in the wavefront, the array of +1 and -1 diffracted spots move in opposite directions due to their optical phase conjugate relationship but share a common reference position. By determining the displacement of these spots, the reference position can be precisely determined, and the local slope can be extracted from which the incident wavefront can be estimated. The proposed sensing method facilitates wavefront estimation using a single camera frame and is compatible with standard wavefront estimation algorithms. This proposed method proves particularly advantageous in scenarios where a highquality wavefront is unavailable as a reference. We have validated the effectiveness of our proposed method through simulation results.
We present a method for increasing the dynamic range of a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor with a hexagonal lenslet array. Increasing the dynamic range is equivalent to calculating the spot displacement correctly, when it is bigger than the subaperture radius. Our method does this by sorting and indexing the spots according to centered hexagonal number. This allows tracking of the wandering of each spot separately. Further, we also show that the system can work in a reference-free mode if we are not interested in the tip and tilt terms. The results of the work are presented along with the details of the algorithm and theory.
Precise measurement of extremely small tilt angles is of immense importance in various scientific and technological applications. Interferometry has always been a tool of great importance in such applications. Most of the conventional interferometric techniques use a Michelson configuration and the problem with this interferometer is that it is extremely sensitive to environmental turbulances and vibrations. In our privious works, we had introduced a cyclic interferometer for the measurement of tilt angles which showed excellent stability against environmental turbulances and vibrations as well as twice the sensitivity. Also, with the introduction of multiple reflections, sensitivity as low as 5 micro radian had been achieved by us. To improve the sensitivity further, we had employed phase shifting techniques. The cyclic configuration being a same path interferometer, we used a polarizing phase shifting technique. For acieving this, we developed a new scheme of polarizing phase shifting techique which is rather simpler compared to those reported in the literature. With this we could precisely measure angles as low as 2 nano radians. However, in these measurements we found that the precise alignment of the quarter wave plate plays an important role in the visibility of the fringes which affects the accuracy of measurement. In this work, we numerically investigate the effect of the misalignment of the quarter wave plate on the visibility of the fringes and consequently on the accurcy of the measurement.
Natural convection studies in an enclosure are very relevant since it spans a wide area of applications such as heat exchangers, chemical reactors, cooling of electronic equipment, etc. In the present study, an experimental investigation is performed in a rectangular cavity of dimension 46 mm x 23 mm with protruded copper half cylinders of diameter 15.8 mm (5/8 inch) each. Interferometry has always been a good technique for accurate measurements of temperature gradients. Mach-Zehnder interferometer is employed for visualising the isotherms and for quantitatively inferring the temperature gradient. The protruded half cylinders are maintained at constant temperature, ranging from 60°C to 120°C using an electric cartridge heater and associated temperature controller setup. A He-Ne laser with 24mm collimated beam size is used for experimental purposes. Temperature gradient variation along the radial direction is plotted against the circumferential angle of the cylinder and isotherm merging angle is determined for varying time step and varying cylinder surface temperature.
Assessment of mechanical properties of soft matter is a challenging task in a purely noninvasive and noncontact environment. As tissue mechanical properties play a vital role in determining tissue health status, such noninvasive methods offer great potential in framing large-scale medical screening strategies. The digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI)–based image capture and analysis system described here is capable of extracting the deformation information from a single acquired fringe pattern. Such a method of analysis would be required in the case of the highly dynamic nature of speckle patterns derived from soft tissues while applying mechanical compression. Soft phantoms mimicking breast tissue optical and mechanical properties were fabricated and tested in the DSPI out of plane configuration set up. Hilbert transform (HT)-based image analysis algorithm was developed to extract the phase and corresponding deformation of the sample from a single acquired fringe pattern. The experimental fringe contours were found to correlate with numerically simulated deformation patterns of the sample using Abaqus finite element analysis software. The extracted deformation from the experimental fringe pattern using the HT-based algorithm is compared with the deformation value obtained using numerical simulation under similar conditions of loading and the results are found to correlate with an average %error of 10. The proposed method is applied on breast phantoms fabricated with included subsurface anomaly mimicking cancerous tissue and the results are analyzed.
Accurate measurement of angles is extremely important in various metrological applications. Interferometry has always
been an excellent technique for accurate measurements. Several methods have been proposed for accurate tilt measurement
using interferometric techniques. Almost all of them use the Michelson configuration which is extremely sensitive to
environmental vibrations and turbulences. We know that a cyclic interferometer is extremely stable. Even though it is not
sensitive to displacement changes, it is twice sensitive to tilt compared to that of a Michelson interferometer. We have
enhanced the sensitivity to measure tilt using multiple reflections in a cyclic interferometer. Since the input beam is
collimated, we have studied the effect of aberration of the input beam on the accuracy of tilt measurement. Experimental
results on this study are presented in this paper.
Measurement of tilt plays an important role in metrological applications and consequently, several methods have been proposed in the recent past. Classical interferometric methods can measure angles with high accuracy but are easily susceptible to external turbulences. We propose to use a cyclic interferometer to measure tilt in which the sensitivity to tilt measurement is double when compared with that of the classical Michelson interferometer. Since the counter propagating beams travel identical paths, the interferometer is insensitive to external vibrations and turbulence and thus can be used under harsh environmental conditions. The novelty in the technique lies in creating multiple reflections in the tilt mirror to enhance the measurement accuracy by the way of increasing the sensitivity. This paper presents the basics of the interferometer and experimental results to quantify the increase in sensitivity. By increasing the number of reflections, it is shown that sensitivity can be further improved to measure tilt angles below 5 μrad.
The wavefront aberrations induced by misalignments due to decentration and tilt of an optical component in an optical measurement system are presented. A Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor is used to measure various aberrations caused due to the shifting of the axis and tilt of a lens in the path of an optical wavefront. One of the lenses in an optical system is decentered in the transverse direction and is tilted by using a rotational stage. For each step, wavefront data have been taken and data were analyzed up to the fourth order consisting of 14 Zernike terms along with peak-to-valley and root mean square values. Theoretical simulations using ray tracing have been carried out and compared with experimental values. The results are presented along with the discussion on tolerance limits for both decentration and tilt.
Early screening of subsurface anomalies in breast can improve the patient survival rate. Clinically approved breast screening modalities may either have body ionizing effect/cause pain to the body parts/ involves body contact/ increased cost. In this paper, a non-invasive, whole field Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DSPI) is used to study normal and abnormal breast mimicking tissue phantoms. While uniform fringes were obtained for a normal phantom in the out of plane speckle pattern interferometry configuration, the non uniformity in the observed fringes clearly showed the anomaly location in the abnormal phantom. The results are compared with deformation profiles using finite element analysis of the sample under similar loading conditions.
One of the important aspects of SPIE is “Community Support and Outreach Education”, which should raise awareness and interest in optics and photonics among the targeted communities and school children. Hence as part of SPIE IIT Madras student chapter, we carried out SPIE SOAP, a ‘School Outreach Activity Program’. Two types of schools were identified, one a high socio-economic status school and the other a low socio-economic status school having a majority of poor children. Optics related scientific experiments were demonstrated in these schools followed by oral quiz session to the students to assess the level of their knowledge before and after the experiments. We also clubbed this activity with “Vision Screening” and distribution of free spectacles for those children who live below poverty line. Out of the 415 children screened, 60.84% eyes were having normal vision, while 39.16% were found to have refractive errors (Myopia 35.78% and Hyperopia 3.38%) where some of them could not even read the board. Treatable eye diseases were also found in 0.72% of the children. The entire activity is been discussed and documented in this paper.
Alignment of optical components is one of the important requirements in any optical system. Decentration of a component, like a lens, in the path of the beam, would introduce aberrations of various types. This would affect the measurement accuracy in the optical system such as an interferometer. In this work, we have analyzed the influence of decentration of an optical component on the wavefront in an optical system. The various aberrations caused due to the shifting of the axis of a lens in the path of an optical wavefront have been measured using a Shack Hartmann Wavefront Sensor and their influence studied. One of the lenses in the optical system is moved or decentered in transverse direction by 500 μm in steps of 50 μm. Decentration was done for all four quadrants. For each step, wavefront data is been taken and data was analyzed. Defocus, horizontal coma, vertical coma and spherical aberration were analyzed, apart from peak-to-valley and RMS values. Results showed that the error introduced is minimal up to 300 μm decentration, above which the aberrations were quite large. The experimental results and analyses are presented.
simple and new technique for detection of ‘Preferred Retinal Locus’ (PRL) in human eye is proposed in this paper.
Simple MATLAB algorithms for estimating RGB pixel intensity values of retinal images were used. The technique
proved non-existence of ‘S’ cones in Fovea Centralis and also proposes that rods are involved in blue color perception.
Retinal images of central vision loss and normal retina were taken for image processing. Blue minimum, Red maximum
and Red+Green maximum were the three methods used in detecting PRL. Comparative analyses were also performed for
these methods with patient’s age and visual acuity.
In certain fiber optic sensors and gyroscopes using birefringent fibers, it is essential to precisely align the principal axes of the fibers used, when two fibers are spliced or connected. The proper alignment of the linearly polarized input light wave with the birefringence axis of a fiber is crucial for maintaining the state of polarization of the guided wave. In this paper, a new method for the detection of the eigen axes and precise alignment of the principal axes between two birefringent fibers (HiBi) using shear interferometry is presented.
In this paper, we present the developmental details of an all fiber optic phase shifting Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer (ESPI) and its applications in Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP). Laminates made of GFRP are studied using the developed ESPI system in its shear configuration. This provides a full-field, non-contact method for NDE, and also observation of surface strains which are proportional to displacement derivatives. Since defects in objects usually induce strain concentrations, shear ESPI reveals defects by identifying anomalies in strain concentration. Experiments have been carried out for NDE of unidirectional GFRP specimens at different fiber orientations and having programmed defects. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical predictions.
A double shear speckle interferometer is presented that can provide information about the
curvature, i.e., the second order derivative of the out of plane displacement of an object under study.
Here, two shear interferometers are kept in sequence or tandem. The sheared images formed by the
first interferometer are sheared once again by the second interferometer. The shears at the image
plane can be adjusted for the required magnitude and orientation. A double exposure record is made
on a photographic plate before and after the object deformation. When the processed plate is
subjected to Fourier filtering, the curvature information is seen as a Moire of the two sheared slope
fringe patterns. The results for a centrally loaded diaphragm are presented. The advantages of the
present technique over the existing methods are discussed.
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