The cancer diagnostic workflow is typically performed by highly specialized and trained pathologists, for which analysis is expensive both in terms of time and money. This work focuses on grade classification in colon cancer. The analysis is performed over 3 protein markers; namely E-cadherin, beta actin and colagenIV. In addition, we also use a virtual Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) stain. This study involves a comparison of various ways in which we can manipulate the information over the 4 different images of the tissue samples and come up with a coherent and unified response based on the data at our disposal. Pre- trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is the method of choice for feature extraction. The AlexNet architecture trained on the ImageNet database is used for this purpose. We extract a 4096 dimensional
feature vector corresponding to the 6th layer in the network. Linear SVM is used to classify the data. The
information from the 4 different images pertaining to a particular tissue sample; are combined using the following techniques: soft voting, hard voting, multiplication, addition, linear combination, concatenation and multi-channel feature extraction. We observe that we obtain better results in general than when we use a linear combination of the feature representations. We use 5-fold cross validation to perform the experiments. The best results are obtained when the various features are linearly combined together resulting in a mean accuracy of 91.27%.
As advances in medical imaging technology are resulting in significant growth of biomedical image data, new techniques are needed to automate the process of identifying images of low quality. Automation is needed because it is very time consuming for a domain expert such as a medical practitioner or a biologist to manually separate good images from bad ones. While there are plenty of de-noising algorithms in the literature, their focus is on designing filters which are necessary but not sufficient for determining how useful an image is to a domain expert. Thus a computational tool is needed to assign a score to each image based on its perceived quality. In this paper, we introduce a machine learning-based score and call it the Quality of Image (QoI) score. The QoI score is computed by combining the confidence values of two popular classification techniques—support vector machines (SVMs) and Naïve Bayes classifiers. We test our technique on clinical image data obtained from cancerous tissue samples. We used 747 tissue samples that are stained by four different markers (abbreviated as CK15, pck26, E_cad and Vimentin) leading to a total of 2,988 images. The results show that images can be classified as good (high QoI), bad (low QoI) or ugly (intermediate QoI) based on their QoI scores. Our automated labeling is in agreement with the domain experts with a bi-modal classification accuracy of 94%, on average. Furthermore, ugly images can be recovered and forwarded for further post-processing.
Physics-based-theoretical models have been used to predict developmental patterning processes such as branching morphogenesis for over half a century. While such techniques are quite successful in understanding the patterning processes in organs such as the lung and the kidney, they are unable to accurately model the processes in other organs such as the submandibular salivary gland. One possible reason is the detachment of these models from data that describe the underlying biological process. This hypothesis coupled with the increasing availability of high quality data has made discrete, data-driven models attractive alternatives. These models are based on extracting features from data to describe the patterns and their time evolving multivariate statistics. These discrete models have low computational complexity and comparable or better accuracy than the continuous models. This paper presents a case study for coupling continuous-physics-based and discrete-empirical-models to address the prediction of cleft formation during the early stages of branching morphogenesis in mouse submandibular salivary glands (SMG). Given a time-lapse movie of a growing SMG, first we build a descriptive model that captures the underlying biological process and quantifies this ground truth. Tissue-scale (global) morphological features are used to characterize the biological ground truth. Second, we formulate a predictive model using the level-set method that simulates branching morphogenesis. This model successfully predicts the topological evolution, however, it is blind to the cellular organization, and cell-to-cell interactions occurring inside a gland; information that is available in the image data. Our primary objective via this study is to couple the continuous level set model with a discrete graph theory model that captures the cellular organization but ignores the forces that determine the evolution of the gland surface, i.e. formation of clefts and buds. We compared the prediction accuracy of our model to an on-lattice Monte-Carlo simulation model which has been used extensively for modeling morphogenesis and organogenesis. The results demonstrate that the coupled model yields comparable simulations of gland growth to that of the Monte-Carlo simulation model with a significantly lower computational complexity.
We present a method for the computer-aided histopathological grading of follicular lymphoma (FL) images based
on a multi-scale feature analysis. We analyze FL images using cell-graphs to characterize the structural organization
of the cells in tissues. Cell-graphs represent histopathological images with undirected and unweighted graphs
wherein the cytological components constitute the graph nodes and the approximate adjacencies of the components
are represented with edges. Using the features extracted from nuclei- and cytoplasm-based cell-graphs, a
classifier defines the grading of the follicular lymphoma images. The performance of this system is comparable
to that of our recently developed system that characterizes higher-level semantic description of tissues using
model-based intermediate representation (MBIR) and color-textural analysis. When tested with three different
classifiers, the combination of cell-graph based features with the MBIR and color-textural features followed by
a multi-scale feature selection is shown to achieve considerably higher classification accuracies than any set of
these feature sets can achieve separately.
In this paper, a simple hierarchical approach to inter/intra domain multicasting is introduced. The proposed Hierarchical Tree Multicast Protocol (HTMP) supports sender initiated multicasting, i.e., requires by an application starting a multicast session to provide an initial list of potential receivers. Based on this information, HTMP utilizes the unicast routing information which is currently available in the Internet routers and builds a hierarchical shared tree architecture which consists of separate intra-domain core based trees interconnected by a core based inter-domain tree that may span the entire Internet. Although HTMP requires an initial group of potential receivers, it allows for new hosts to join in supporting three modes of session participation: (a) a restricted mode which allows access only to a specified list of group members, (b) a semi- restricted mode which allows new members to join in but only after authorization from the session manager, (c) an open mode which does not require any authorization. HTMP supports a distribution (one-to-many) mode of multicasting, in which the hierarchical tree is transformed into a source based tree with core the session initiator, as well as an interactive mode (many-to-many) of multicasting. Finally, HTMP provides a receiver oriented resource reservation mechanism which allows for heterogeneity of traffic streams.
Conference Committee Involvement (14)
Digital and Computational Pathology
18 February 2025 | San Diego, California, United States
Digital and Computational Pathology
19 February 2024 | San Diego, California, United States
Digital and Computational Pathology
20 February 2023 | San Diego, California, United States
Digital and Computational Pathology
20 February 2022 | San Diego, California, United States
Digital and Computational Pathology
15 February 2021 | Online Only, California, United States
Digital Pathology
19 February 2020 | Houston, Texas, United States
Digital Pathology
20 February 2019 | San Diego, California, United States
Digital Pathology
11 February 2018 | Houston, Texas, United States
Digital Pathology
12 February 2017 | Orlando, Florida, United States
Digital Pathology Posters
12 February 2017 | Orlando, FL, United States
Digital Pathology
2 March 2016 | San Diego, California, United States
Digital Pathology
25 February 2015 | Orlando, Florida, United States
Digital Pathology
16 February 2014 | San Diego, California, United States
Digital Pathology
10 February 2013 | Lake Buena Vista (Orlando Area), Florida, United States
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