In the field of laser technology, fiber lasers have developed rapidly because of its high power or energy. Q-switching technique has been widely used in fiber lasers to produce laser pulse. Here we demonstrate a passively Q-switched erbiumdoped fiber laser using a single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) saturable absorber. The SWCNTs were fabricated by a new sol-gel method and placed onto the tip of a fiber ferrule. A TIWDM device replaced wavelength division multiplexer, isolation and tap to reduce the loss of the laser. Since only the evanescent field of the propagating light interacts with SWCNTs in saturable absorber, the fiber laser can maintain a relatively high intra-cavity power. As the pump power increasing, the output performance of the laser continues to improve. Laser center wavelength is 1560nm. An output pulse with energy of 70.9nJ is obtained with a repetition rate of 15.4 kHz and pulse width of 3.6 μs.
Development work was conducted on ferroelectric materials that are widely used for optical modulation, light generation, optical filtering, and nanophotonic devices. Ferroelectric crystals with periodic variations in the second-order nonlinearity have been applied in laser frequency conversion, generation of entangled photons, and optical solitary wave devices. Here, we show electrical and optical characteristics of a ferroelectric crystal 0.25Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.42Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.33PbTiO3 (short as PIMNT). The coercive field of PIMNT crystal with different orientation ranges from 4.9 to 5.8 kV / mm. Optical transmission and refractive indices of the crystal are investigated after being poled along different directions. The dispersion curves were fitted with Cauchy dispersion equations. The optical transmission of [011]-poled PIMNT single crystal is more than 65% above 0.5 μm, which is much higher than that of [001] and [111] directions. Orientation dependence of transition energies is presented in detail. Direct band gap, indirect band gap, and phonon energy can be adjusted with different orientations. The coercive field of PIMNT crystal is much lower than that of LiNbO3 crystal (21 kV / mm). These results show that PIMNT single crystal is a promising candidate material in nanophotonics.
As piezoelectric materials, optical properties of xPb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–(1-x-y)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–yPbTiO3 single crystals were not perfectly known. Here refractive indices and optical transmission of 0.25Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.42Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3– 0.33PbTiO3 (PIMNT) single crystal are investigated after poled along different directions. Cauchy dispersion equations of the refractive indices were obtained by least square fitting, which can be used to calculate the refractive indices in the low absorption wavelength range. After poled along [011] direction, the optical transmission of PIMNT single crystal is more than 65% above 0.5 μm, which is much higher than that of [001] and [111] directions. Energy band gap was obtained from absorption coefficient.
The refractive indices of anisotropic (Lu0.9Y0.1)2SiO5 (LYSO) single crystal at different wavelengths have been measured
by the minimum deviation method at room temperature. Its refractive indices decrease quickly with the increasing
wavelength. Sellmeier dispersion equations were obtained by means of least square fitting, which can predict the
refractive indices in transparent region. The dispersion behavior was also described by single-oscillator approximation
with physical significance.
Optical properties of (1-x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PZN-xPT, x=5%, 9% and 12%) single crystals have been
comprehensively investigated. The PZN-xPT single crystals used in this study were grown using a high temperature flux
method. Refractive indices (nij) were measured by the Brewster’s angles (θB=tan-1n) at different wavelengths. Dispersion
equations of refractive indices were obtained. After poled along [001] direction, the transmittance of PZN–12%PT single
crystal is more than 65% from 0.5 to 5.8 μm, which is much higher than that of PZN–5%PT and PZN-9%PT single
crystals. PZN–12%PT has a tetragonal phase, its spontaneous polarization PS is along [001] direction. After poling, it
could form a single domain structure. Orientation and temperature dependences of the electro-optic coefficient were
investigated at He-Ne laser by the Senarmont compensator method. Large effective electro-optic coefficient (γc = 430
pm/V) was observed in [001]-poled PZN-9%PT crystal. More importantly, γc of tetragonal PZN-12%PT is about 130
pm/V, which is almost unchanged in a temperature range -20~80 °C. The γc of PZN-xPT single crystals are much higher
than that of widely used electro-optic crystal LiNbO3 (γc = 20 pm/V). These excellent optical properties make the PZNxPT
single crystals promising candidates for electro-optic modulation applications.
We propose an approach to control the polarization and intensity of the focusing field with multiple focal spots in a high-numerical-aperture imaging system. This focused field is explained as the reversal radiation of the dipole array with presupposed oscillating direction in the focal volume. By engineering the structure of the electric dipole array and reversing the radiation from this dipole array, the local manipulation of intensity and polarization in the focal region is achieved, and the required field at the pupil plane is derived. A focusing field with six vectorial focal spots is created as an example to verify this method. This multifocal field will meet potential application in polarization-dependent optical microscope and optical trapping for multiple particles.
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