The H-field finite element method (FEM) based full-vector formulation is used in the present work to study the vectorial
modal field properties and the complex propagation characteristics of Surface Plasmon modes of a hollow-core dielectric
coated rectangular waveguide structures, and graphene based structures. Additionally, the finite difference time domain
(FDTD) method is used to estimate the dispersion parameters and the propagation loss of such waveguides and devices.
In this paper, an ormocomp polymer nanowire with possible use in integrated-optics sensing applications is presented. We discuss the structure design, the fabrication process and present results of the simulation and characterization of the optical field profile. Since the nanowires are designed and intended to be used as integrated optics devices, they are attached to tapered and feed waveguides at their ends. The fabrication process in this work is based mainly on the nanoimprint technique. The method assumes a silicon nanowire as an original pattern, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as thesoft mold. The PDMS mold is directly imprinted on the ormocomp layer and then cured by UV light to form the polymer based nanowire. The ormocomp nanowires are fabricated to have various dimensions of width and length at a fixed 500nm thickness. The length of the nanowires is varied from 250 µm to 2 mm, whereas the width of the structures is varied between 500nm and 1µm. The possible optical mode field profile that occurs in the proposed polymer nanowire design is studied using the H-field finite element method (FEM). In the characterization part, the optical field profile and the intensity at the device output are the main focus of this paper. The various lengths of the nanowires show different characteristics in term of output intensity. An image processing is used to process the image to obtain the intensity of the output signal. A comparison of the optical field and output intensity for each polymer nanowire is also discussed.
A rigorous full-vectorial modal solution approach based on the finite element method is used to find the propagation properties of terahertz (THz) waveguides, such as photonic crystal fibers, quantum cascaded lasers, plasmonic waveguides, power splitters, and narrow-band filters. Design approaches to reduce the modal loss due to the material and leakage loss in photonic crystal fibers and in metal-coated hollow-glass plasmonic waveguides have also been considered. The plasmonic confinement and gain threshold of quantum cascaded lasers used as THz sources and the chromatic dispersion in plasmonic waveguides are also presented.
A rigorous full-vectorial modal solution approach based on the finite element method is used to find the propagation
properties of THz waveguides. Design approaches are presented to reduce the modal loss. Design of several THz
devices, including quantum cascade lasers, plasmonic waveguides, power splitters and narrow-band filters are also
presented.
Today there is an increasing surge in Surface Plasmon based research and recent studies have shown that a wide range of plasmon-based optical elements and techniques have led to the development of a variety of active switches, passive waveguides, biosensors, lithography masks, to name just a few. The Terahertz (THz) frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum is located between the traditional microwave spectrum and the optical frequencies, and offers a significant scientific and technological potential in many fields, such as in sensing, in imaging and in spectroscopy. Waveguiding in this intermediate spectral region is a major challenge. Amongst the various THz waveguides suggested, the metal-clad waveguides supporting surface plasmon modes waves and specifically hollow core structures, coated with insulating material are showing the greatest promise as low-loss waveguides for their use in active components and as well as passive waveguides. The H-field finite element method (FEM) based full-vector formulation is used to study the vectorial modal field properties and the complex propagation characteristics of Surface Plasmon modes of a hollow-core dielectric coated rectangular waveguide structure. Additionally, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used to estimate the dispersion parameters and the propagation loss of the rectangular waveguide.
The terahertz (THz) region occupies a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, located between the microwave and
optical frequencies and normally is defined as the band ranging from 0.1 to 10 THz. In recent years, this intermediate
THz radiation band has attracted considerable interest, because it offers significant scientific and technological potential
for applications in many fields, such as sensing [1], imaging [2] and spectroscopy [3]. However, waveguiding in this
intermediate spectral region is a major challenge and strong dielectric and conductive losses in the terahertz frequency
range have been a major problem for waveguiding. The conventional guiding structures exemplified by microstrips,
coplanar striplines and coplanar waveguides [4] are highly lossy and dispersive. However, so far the most promising
dielectric waveguides have been the use of photonic crystal fibers at terahertz frequencies [5, 6] and metal coated guides
[7] at terahertz frequencies. In this paper, various types of practical dielectric and metal coated waveguides are evaluated
and design optimization of Quantum Cascade Lasers, MMI-based power splitters and narrow-band filters are presented,
by using full-vectorial finite element method [8].
Photonic crystal fibres (PCF) and more commonly microstructure fibres, remain interesting and novel fibre types
and when suitably designed can prove to be "ideal" for sensing applications, as the different geometrical
arrangement of the air holes alters their optical wave-guiding properties, whilst also providing tailored dispersion
characteristics. This impacts the performance of grating structures, which offer wavelength encoded sensing
information. We undertake a study on different air hole geometries and proceed with characterization of fibre Bragg
and long period gratings, FBG and LPG, respectively that have been inscribed (using either a femtosecond or
ultraviolet laser system) within different designs of microstructured fibre that are of interest for sensing applications.
The terahertz (THz) frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum is located between the traditional microwave
spectrum and the optical frequencies, and offers a significant scientific and technological potential in many fields, such
as in sensing, in imaging and in spectroscopy. Waveguiding in this intermediate spectral region is a major challenge.
Amongst the various THz waveguides suggested, metal-clad plasmonic waveguides and specifically hollow core
structures, coated with insulating material are the most promising low-loss waveguides used in both active and passive
devices. Optical power splitters are important components in the design of optoelectronic systems and optical
communication networks such as Mach-Zehnder Interferometric switches, polarization splitter and polarization
scramblers. Several designs for the implementation of the 3dB power splitters have been proposed in the past, such as the
directional coupler-based approach, the Y-junction-based devices and the MMI-based approach. In the present paper a
novel MMI-based 3dB THz wave splitter is implemented using Gold/polystyrene (PS) coated hollow glass rectangular
waveguides. The H-field FEM based full-vector formulation is used here to calculate the complex propagation
characteristics of the waveguide structure and the finite element beam propagation method (FE-BPM) and finite
difference time domain (FDTD) approach to demonstrate the performance of the proposed 3dB splitter.
Compact Quantum Cascade Laser waveguides have been analyzed using the full-vectorial finite element method. Modal
intensity profiles, detailed power confinements and loss factors have been characterized for waveguides based on
GaSb/AlGaSb multiple quantum well structures. Variations in these key parameters were also further investigated whilst
varying the semiconductor doping concentration. Higher order modes having a low propagation loss were also shown.
Finite element analysis, based on the vector H-field formulation and incorporating the perturbation technique, is used to
calculate the complex propagation characteristics of silver/polystyrene (PS) coated hollow glass waveguides for terahertz
(THz) frequency radiation. The mode profiles, which after emerging from the waveguide travel through either a
horizontal or vertical polarizer are also presented and camera images of these profiles are compared to numerically
simulated results. The effect of the polystyrene coating thickness on the attenuation characteristics of these waveguides
has also been investigated and is shown to be critical to their design optimization.
Finite element analysis, based on the vector H-field formulation and incorporating the perturbation technique, is used to calculate the complex propagation characteristics of metal-coated dielectric waveguides at THz frequencies. The propagation and attenuation characteristics of the surface plasmon modes at the metal/dielectric interfaces are presented. The effects on the modal properties of metal-clad dielectric guides with the cladding thickness and the formation of the supermodes due to the coupling between the surface plasmon modes in the presence of different surrounding materials are also investigated.
In this paper we report on investigations of some of the factors that have a bearing on the reliability and repeatability of polymer fibre Bragg gratings. The main issues discussed are the fibre preform composition, the fibre drawing conditions and the thermal history of the fibre grating.
We describe recent research into devices based on fibre Bragg gratings in polymer optical fibre. Firstly, we report on the inscription of gratings in a variety of microstructured polymer optical fibre: single mode, few moded and multimoded, as well as fibre doped with trans-4-stilbenmethanol. Secondly, we describe research into an electrically tuneable filter using a metallic coating on a polymer fibre Bragg grating. Finally we present initial results from attempts to produce more complex grating structures in polymer fibre: a Fabry-Perot cavity and a phase-shifted grating.
KEYWORDS: Copper, Cladding, Refractive index, Signal attenuation, Waveguides, Fiber coatings, Metals, Finite element methods, Modeling, Control systems
A set of long period grating devices have been fabricated in photosensitive single mode fibre coated with a series of copper rings (period of 380 μm, 50% duty cycle and length of 4cm). The long period gratings were inscribed with a uniform UV-laser exposure across the entire length of the copper ring patterned coating. The devices ranged in copper thickness from 0.5 μm to 1.5 μm. In addition, a control long period grating was fabricated in the same type of fibre with the same period for comparison. The refractive index and temperature spectral sensitivity of these devices were investigated and it was found that the index and temperature sensitivity is a function of the thickness of the copper rings, as supported by theoretical modelling. Furthermore, the index sensitivity of these devices in the 1.333 index region is greater than the control long period grating. The patterned 0.5 μm coated long period grating gave a sensitivity of Δλ/Δn =-74 nm leading to a resolution of 1.4x10-3 compared to the control which had a sensitivity of Δλ/Δn =
-32 nm with a resolution of 3.2x10-3 in the index region of 1.320 to 1.380 (aqueous solution regime). This demonstrates a two fold increase in the sensitivity. This novel fibre long period grating device shows potential for increasing the resolution of measurements of the index of aqueous solutions.
The characterization and optimization of optical microring resonator-based optical filters on deeply etched GaInAsP-Inp
waveguides, using the finite element-based beam propagation approach is presented here. Design issues for directional
coupler- and multimode interference coupler-based devices, such as field evolution, optical power, phase, fabrication
tolerance and wavelength dependence have been investigated.
In this paper, the numerically efficient finite element based full vectorial modal and propagation approaches are used to design and optimize various photonic components for the manipulation of polarization effects in opto-electronic systems. Designs of directional coupler-based polarization splitters both using a metal cladding and without a metal cladding are presented. It is also shown that a compact polarization splitters both using a metal cladding and without a metal cladding are presented. It is also shown that a compact polarization splitter can be designed by using single section or two-section multimode interference (MMI) guides. In this paper, a novel concept of a single polarization optical waveguide with layered core is introduced and its expected performance is reported, along with its experimental validation. In this paper, the origin of polarization cross-talk and design approaches to minimize its detrimental effects is also presented. Finally, designs of single and multiple sectioned passive polarization rotators using waveguides with slanted side-walls are also presented.
The characterization and optimization of optical microring resonator-based optical filters on deeply etched GaInAsP-Inp waveguides, using the finite element-based beam propagation approach is presented here. Design issues, such as coupling , field evolution, power and phase considerations have also been investigated.
Design issues such as optical transmission, interference mechanisms and splitting ratio of a compact parabolically tapered Multimode Interference-based 3dB power splitter on an InP-based deeply etched ridge waveguide, using the finite element-based beam propagation method approach, are presented.
A finite element-based beam propagation approach has been used for the design of a 4 by 4 multimode interference-based device on InP, for wavelength division multiplexing applications, using straight arrayed waveguide gratings with variable width difference.
A wide range of photonic guided-wave devices may be modeled by using rigorous numerical approaches based on the finite element method (FEM). In this work, representative modal solutions for linear, nonlinear, anisotropic, passive and active waveguides are discussed. Photonic devices incorporating several butt-coupled uniform waveguide sections, such as optical modulators, switches, filters, polarizers and spot-size converters are analyzed by using a combination of the least squares boundary residual method and the FEM.
A wide range of photonic guided-wave devices may be modelled by using rigorous numerical approaches based on the finite element method (FEM). In this work, representative modal solutions for linear, nonlinear, anisotropic, passive and active waveguides are discussed. Photonic devices incorporating several butt-coupled uniform waveguide sections, such as optical modulators, switches, filters, polarizers, and duplexers, are shown by incorporating the least squares boundary residual (LSBR) method and the FEM. The FEM-based beam propagation method (BPM) is used to characterize photonic devices incorporating arbitrarily nonuniform guided wave sections or optical devices with second and third order material nonlinearity.
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