The Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) is a 10-m class fixed-elevation telescope with a primary mirror composed of 91 spherically figured one metre segments. A prime focus tracker assembly carries the spherical aberration corrector (SAC) and two of SALT’s instruments, SALTICAM (the acquisition and imaging camera) and the multi-purpose Robert Stobie spectrograph (RSS). Included in the tracker payload is a fibre-instrument feed, that positions ~45m long fibre cables coupled to the spectrographs in thermal enclosures beneath the telescope. These are the High-Resolution Spectrograph (HRS) and NIRWALS (Near InfraRed Washburn Astronomical Laboratories Spectrograph). The other major undertaking is a custom-built laser frequency comb and precision radial velocity data pipeline for the HRS, due in 2025. A novel RSS slit-mask IFU was recently commissioned, adding optical IFU spectroscopy to SALT’s capabilities. Work is also underway to develop a new red channel to turn the RSS into a dual-beam spectrograph. A study done in 2021 investigated the feasibility of building deployable robotic arms equipped with mini SACs to take advantage of SALT’s huge uncorrected field of view. Lastly, a pre-study is now underway to explore options for replacing the SAC and prime focus payload on the tracker to improve telescope performance and make provision for future instrument development.
We present an overview of the Intelligent Observatory (IO) and the architecture used at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) to develop instrument and telescope control and monitoring software. The IO aims to link and coordinate the usage of the SAAO telescopes and instruments for optimal efficiency. This will entail a Central Control System (CCS) selecting appropriate instruments and telescopes and controlling observations on these. This requires interoperable instrument and telescope control software. The SAAO software architecture is flexible, allows multiple user interfaces, and supports remote control and monitoring of both telescope and instrument through a web browser. Furthermore, the architecture allows an external agent (such as the IO CCS) simultaneous control of both instruments and telescopes.
We report on the extensively upgraded Cassegrain spectrograph on the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) 1.9-m telescope. The introduction of new collimator and camera optics, a new detector and controller, a rear-of-slit viewing camera to facilitate acquisition, and a new instrument control and quick-look data-reduction software (to take advantage of the entire system now being governed by a programmable logic controller) has revolutionized this workhorse instrument on Africa’s second largest optical telescope. The improvement in throughput over the previous incarnation of the spectrograph is ∼50 % in the red, increasing to a factor of four at the blue end. A selection of 10 surface-relief diffraction gratings is available to users, offering a variety of wavelength ranges and resolutions, with resolving powers between ∼500 and 6500. SpUpNIC (Spectrograph Upgrade: Newly Improved Cassegrain) has been scheduled for ∼80 % of the time available on the 1.9-m since being installed on the telescope in late October 2015, providing the single-object spectroscopic capability to support the broad research interests of the SAAO’s local and international user community. We present an assortment of data obtained for various observing programs to demonstrate different aspects of the instrument’s enhanced performance following this comprehensive upgrade.
The South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) is currently developing WiNCam, the Wide-field Nasmyth Camera, to be mounted on Lesedi, the observatory’s new 1-metre telescope. This paper discusses the design and results for the remotely-operated camera system. The camera consists of an E2V-231-C6 Back Illuminated Scientific Charge Coupled Device (CCD) sensor with 6144x6160 pixels, four outputs operating in non-inverted mode. This is to date the largest single chip CCD-system developed at SAAO. The CCD is controlled with a modified Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) Digital Sampler Array Controller (IDSAC) utilizing digital correlated double sampling. The camera system will have full-frame and frame-transfer read out modes available with sub-windowing and pre-binning abilities. Vacuum through-wall PCB technology is used to route signals through the vacuum interface between the controller and the CCD. A thin, compact, 125x125mm aperture, sliding-curtain-mechanism shutter was designed and manufactured together with a saddle-type filter-magazine-gripper system. The CCD is cryogenically cooled using a Stirling Cooler with active vibration cancellation; CCD temperature control is done with a Lake Shore Temperature Controller. A Varian Ion Pump and Activated Charcoal are used to maintain good vacuum and to prolong intervals between vacuum pump down. The various hardware components of the system are connected using distributed software architecture, and a web-based GUI allows remote and scripted operation of the instrument.
SpUpNIC (Spectrograph Upgrade: Newly Improved Cassegrain) is the extensively upgraded Cassegrain Spectrograph on the South African Astronomical Observatory's 74-inch (1.9-m) telescope. The inverse-Cassegrain collimator mirrors and woefully inefficient Maksutov-Cassegrain camera optics have been replaced, along with the CCD and SDSU controller. All moving mechanisms are now governed by a programmable logic controller, allowing remote configuration of the instrument via an intuitive new graphical user interface. The new collimator produces a larger beam to match the optically faster Folded-Schmidt camera design and nine surface-relief diffraction gratings offer various wavelength ranges and resolutions across the optical domain. The new camera optics (a fused silica Schmidt plate, a slotted fold flat and a spherically figured primary mirror, both Zerodur, and a fused silica field-flattener lens forming the cryostat window) reduce the camera’s central obscuration to increase the instrument throughput. The physically larger and more sensitive CCD extends the available wavelength range; weak arc lines are now detectable down to 325 nm and the red end extends beyond one micron. A rear-of-slit viewing camera has streamlined the observing process by enabling accurate target placement on the slit and facilitating telescope focus optimisation. An interactive quick-look data reduction tool further enhances the user-friendliness of SpUpNI
Considerable effort has gone into improving the performance and reliability of the SAAO’s 74-inch telescope. This included replacing the telescope encoders, refining the pointing model and increasing the telescope throughput. The latter involved re-aluminising the primary and formulating a procedure to ensure optimal alignment of the telescope mirrors. To this end, we developed the necessary hardware and techniques to ensure that such alignment is achieved and maintained, particularly following re-aluminising of the mirrors. In essence, the procedure involves: placing a Taylor Hobson Alignment Telescope on the mechanical rotation axis of the 74-inch (which we define to be the optical axis, since the Cassegrain instruments attach to the associated turntable), then adjusting the tip/tilt of the secondary mirror to get it onto that axis and, lastly, adjusting the tip/tilt of the primary mirror to eliminate coma. An eyepiece (or wavefront camera) is installed at the Cassegrain port for this final step since comatic star images indicate the need to tip/tilt the primary mirror to align it to the secondary. Tuning out any brightness gradients seen in an out-of-focus image of a bright star may also be used for feedback when adjusting the tip/tilt of the primary mirror to null coma.
Images obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) during its commissioning phase in 2006 showed degradation due to a large focus gradient, astigmatism, and higher order optical aberrations. An extensive forensic investigation exonerated the primary mirror and the science instruments before pointing to the mechanical interface between the telescope and the spherical aberration corrector, the complex optical subassembly which corrects the spherical aberration introduced by the 11-m primary mirror. Having diagnosed the problem, a detailed repair plan was formulated and implemented when the corrector was removed from the telescope in April 2009. The problematic interface was replaced, and the four aspheric mirrors were optically tested and re-aligned. Individual mirror surface figures were confirmed to meet specification, and a full system test after the re-alignment yielded a root mean square wavefront error of 0.15 waves. The corrector was reinstalled in August 2010 and aligned with respect to the payload and primary mirror. Subsequent on-sky tests revealed spurious signals being sent to the tracker by the auto-collimator, the instrument that maintains the alignment of the corrector with respect to the primary mirror. After rectifying this minor issue, the telescope yielded uniform 1.1 arcsec star images over the full 10-arcmin field of view.
Lisa Crause, Darragh O'Donoghue, James O'Connor, Francois Strumpfer, Ockert Strydom, Craig Sass, Charl du Plessis, Eben Wiid, Jonathan Love, Janus Brink, Martin Wilkinson, Chris Coetzee
Images obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) during its commissioning phase showed
degradation due to a large focus gradient and a variety of other optical aberrations. An extensive forensic investigation
eventually traced the problem to the mechanical interface between the telescope and the secondary optics that form the
Spherical Aberration Corrector (SAC). The SAC was brought down from the telescope in 2009 April, the problematic
interface was replaced and the four corrector mirrors were optically tested and re-aligned. The surface figures of the SAC
mirrors were confirmed to be within specification and a full system test following the re-alignment process yielded a
RMS wavefront error of just 0.15 waves. The SAC was re-installed on the tracker in 2010 August and aligned with
respect to the payload and primary mirror. Subsequent on-sky tests produced alarming results which were due to
spurious signals being sent to the tracker by the auto-collimator, the instrument responsible for controlling the attitude of
the SAC with respect to the primary mirror. Once this minor issue was resolved, we obtained uniform 1.1 arcsecond star
images over the full 10 arcminute field of view of the telescope.
The construction of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) was largely completed by the end of 2005. At the
beginning of 2006, it was realized that the telescope's image quality suffered from optical aberrations, chiefly a focus
gradient across the focal plane, but also accompanied by astigmatism and higher order aberrations. In the previous
conference in this series, a paper was presented describing the optical system engineering investigation which had been
conducted to diagnose the problem. This investigation exonerated the primary mirror as the cause, as well as the science
instruments, and was isolated to the interface between the telescope and a major optical sub-system, the spherical
aberration corrector (SAC). This is a complex sub-system of four aspheric mirrors which corrects the spherical
aberration of the 11-m primary mirror. In the last two years, a solution to this problem was developed which involved
removing the SAC from the telescope, installing a modification of the SAC/telescope interface, re-aligning and testing
the four SAC mirrors and re-installation on the telescope. This paper describes the plan, discusses the details and shows
progress to date and the current status.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Monochromatic aberrations, Image quality, Cameras, Simulation of CCA and DLA aggregates, Image segmentation, Wavefront sensors, Wavefronts, Interfaces
Construction of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) was largely completed by the end of 2005 and since then
it has been in intensive commissioning. This has now almost been completed except for the telescope's image quality
which shows optical aberrations, chiefly a focus gradient across the focal plane, along with astigmatism and other less
significant aberrations. This paper describes the optical systems engineering investigation that has been conducted since
early 2006 to diagnose the problem. A rigorous approach has been followed which has entailed breaking down the
system into the major sub-systems and subjecting them to testing on an individual basis. Significant progress has been
achieved with many components of the optical system shown to be operating correctly. The fault has been isolated to a
major optical sub-system. We present the results obtained so far, and discuss what remains to be done.
We report on the completion of a new 2 channel, HIgh speed Photo-POlarimeter (HIPPO) for the 1.9m optical telescope of the South African Astronomical Observatory. The instrument makes use of rapidly counter-rotating (10Hz), super-achromatic half- and quarter-waveplates, a fixed Glan-Thompson beamsplitter and two photo-multiplier tubes that record the modulated O and E beams. Each modulated beam permits an independent measurement of the polarisation and therefore simultaneous 2 filter observations. All Stokes parameters are recorded every 0.1sec and photometry every 1 millisecond. Post-binning of data is possible in order to improve the signal. This is ideal for measuring e.g. the rapid variability of the optical polarisation from magnetic Cataclysmic Variable stars. First light was obtained in February 2008.
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