Transcranical photobiomodulation (tPBM, 1267 nm, 32 J/cm2) is effective non-invasive method for clearance of beta-amyloid from the brain in mice with Alzheimer’s disease and for improvemen of their neurological status.
This review highlights two opposing concepts of lymphatics and glymphatics, which are used to explain the drainage and cleansing functions of the brain. "Stumbling blocks" in two concepts and ways of compromise between them are discussed.
Stroke and traumatic brain injury are often associated with formation of brain edema, which is a potentially fatal pathological state provoking extensive accumulation of fluid in the brain tissues resulting in elevation of intracranial pressure and leading to impaired nerve function. There is only symptomatic anti-edema therapy is currently available. Therefore, the development of novel strategies to remove edema fluid is required. The brain edema is classified as vasogenic or cytotoxic edema, which associated with excess accumulation of fluid (edema) around capillaries resulting from disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or intracellular spaces (cell swelling) of the brain, respectively. In this brief review, we discuss possible mechanisms underlying brain edema formation and new strategies in development of novel of anti-edema drugs.
Here we present preliminary experimental data suggesting about involvement of the meningeal and cervical lymphatics in neurorehabilitation. Using model of hemorrhagic stroke, immunohistochemical analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy, we clearly demonstrate the lymphatic clearance from the blood after stroke via the meningeal lymphatic vessels with further accumulation of hemosiderin and iron (products of disaggregated hemoglobin) in the deep cervical node (dcLN). The optical coherent tomography (OCT) was used for in vivo monitoring of accumulation of gold nanorods (92 nm in diameter) in the dcLN after their injection into the cisterna magna with the aim of mimicking of the brain clearance from of blood. The both ex vivo and in vivo data show the lymphatic clearance from subjects (the blood/GNRs) injected into the subarachnoid space that might be an important mechanism of neurorehabilitation after the intracranial hemorrhages.
The development of novel technologies for the imaging of meningeal lymphatic vessels is one of the amazing trends of biophotonics thanks to discovery of brain lymphatics over several years ago. However, there is the limited technologies exist for the study of lymphatics in vivo because lymphatic vessels are transparent with a low speed flow of lymph. Here we demonstrate the successful application of fluorescent microscopy for the imaging of lymphatic system in the mouse brain in vivo.
Chronic hypertension itself does not cause stroke but significantly decreases the resistant to stroke induced by
stress due to exhausting of adaptive capacity of cerebral endothelium and decrease resistance of blood-brain
barrier to stress.
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