The paper contains a survey of the problems commonly encountered by anyone attempting to accurately determine or
specify the speed of fast photodetectors, in the bandwidth range: hundreds of MHz - tens of GHz. Two techniques are
presented: one determining the minimum duration of the optical pulses which can be "seen" accurately enough, and the
other determining the electrical (power) spectrum of the photodetector, leading to bandwidth determination. Experimental
determination of the bandwidth for two fast photodiodes is presented, using the latter technique.
The distance changes between structural elements inside a building (e.g. walls, pillars, stairs, etc.) ought to be monitored, especially in seismic-prone areas, in order to assess its stability. Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are now the most interesting choice for this purpose, since several gratings can be included in the fibre, resulting in a quasi-distributed sensor, which can be illuminated using a single light source and interrogated simply by a single optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), using wavelength multiplexing. The paper deals with such a sensor, which was installed for monitoring the distance changes in a construction joint between two building blocks inside the University "Politehnica" of Bucharest. Since this city is placed in a seismic-prone area, we use a fast scanning OSA, so that the dynamic behavior of the monitored construction joint is expected to be captured during future earthquakes. Slow drifts of the construction joint width will be also monitored. The paper describes the sensor structure and working principle, the experimental tests and main parameters evaluation. The reported sensor is temperature compensated. It has an estimated distance resolution better or equal to 10 μm, and a linearity of +0.2%...-0.35% for displacements up to 0.55 mm. Simulated dynamic tests are also reported.
The distance changes between structural elements inside a building (e.g. walls, pillars, stairs, etc.) ought to be monitored, especially in seismic-prone areas, in order to assess its stability. Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are now the most interesting choice for this purpose, since several gratings can be included in the fibre, resulting in a quasi-distributed sensor, which can be illuminated using a single light source and interrogated simply by a single optical spectrum analyzer (USA), using wavelength multiplexing. The paper deals with such a sensor, which was installed for monitoring the distance changes in a construction joint between two building blocks inside the University "Politehnica" of Bucharest. Since this city is placed in a seismic-prone area, we use a fast scanning USA, so that the dynamic behavior of the monitored construction joint is expected to be captured during future earthquakes. Slow drifts of the construction joint width will be also monitored. The paper describes the sensor structure and working principle, the experimental tests and main parameters evaluation. The reported sensor is temperature compensated. It has an estimated distance resolution better or equal to 10 μm, and a linearity of +0.2%...-0.35% for displacements up to 0.55 mm. Simulated dynamic tests are also reported.
All fiber optic seismic sensors contain a mechanical system which determines the optics to encode somehow the ground
motion when an earthquake occur. This system basically consists in an inertial mass fixed on an elastic element. The first
condition for a proper earthquake detection is determined by the ability of the mechanical system to reproduce accurately
enough the movement of the ground. In this paper we report some theoretical results concerning this problem, and
especially the conditions which must be accomplished by the mechanical system in two usual frequency ranges (both far of
its natural frequency). This is done by analitically solving the motion differential equation of the mechanical system for a
simple forcing (which stands for the earthquake) and numerical simulation.
In the last years the Er-doped LiNbO optical waveguides are widely used for the fabrication of integrated optical components. We report some original results concerning the evaluation of the spectral optical gain, spectral noise figure and spectral signal-to-noise ratio in the bent Er-doped LiNbO waveguide of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer pumped near 1484 nm using erfc, Gaussian and constant profile of the Er ions in LiNbO crystal. Our model is based on a quasi-two-level system and the small gain approximation in the unsaturated regime in order to simulate the optical amplification in Er-doped LiNbO straight and bent waveguide amplifiers and we demonstrated that rather high gains (~1.5 dB), low noise figures (~3.5 dB) and good signal-to-noise ratios (~56.5) at the end of the bent arm of the integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer are achievable for 70 mW input pump power. The obtained results can be used for the design of the integrated optical circuits, Mach-Zehnder interferometers which can be utilized for example for the precise measurement of the displacements, seismic motions, etc.
In this paper we report theoretical and experimental results concerning the realization of the phase-matching conditions for the internal second-harmonic generation in InGaAs quantum-well laser diodes emitting around 980 nm in order to enhance the conversion efficiency. The role of the phase-mismatching in the spectral distribution of the internal second-harmonic generation in the CW operation of the above-mentioned lasers is also analyzed. The emission of pairs of narrow blue-green peaks having perfectly symmetrical spectral positions with respect to the central peak of pure second-harmonic generation at ~ 480 nm is most probably enhanced by a mechanism of reciprocal cancellation of the respective phase-mismatch vectors. The theoretical results obtained by numerical integration of the coupled amplitude equations corresponding to the fundamental and second harmonic concerning the interaction length and generation efficiency are in good agreement with the experimental data. The obtained results are important for the assessment of the relationship between the structural parameters of the laser and the conditions which contribute to the stimulation of second-order optical nonlinearities in the laser active region.
In this paper we present an analysis of the phase-matching conditions for internal second-harmonic generation in InGaAs quantum-well laser diodes in order to enhance the conversion efficiency. We have characterized the role of phase- mismatching in the spectral distribution of the internal second-harmonic generation in the CW operation of these lasers. The emission of pairs of narrow blue-green peaks having perfectly symmetrical spectral positions with respect to the central peak of pure second-harmonic generation at approximately 480 nm is most probably enhanced by a mechanism of reciprocal cancellation of the respective phase-mismatch vectors. This study is important for the assessment of the relationship between the structural parameters of the laser and the conditions which contribute to the stimulation of second-order optical nonlinearities in the laser active region.
A digital powermeter was developed for measuring the power of laser beams using an electrically calibrated thermopile. This choice allows metrological quality measurements in a broad spectral range and an accurate calibration, but the electronic readout must meet some severe specifications concerning internal fluctuation (generally, most of commercially available radiometers, even advanced, do not). The reported powermeter has very low internal fluctuation (both drift and noise, in respect with its resolution). Original, yet simple circuitry was developed for low noise and for an accurate zero setting (even with a high background). The most important of these internal circuits is described. Statistical noise tests are also presented and some comparisons with advanced commercial powermeters. A large number of tests, each of them containing 500 - 900 measurements (values), revealed for the reported powermeter that `0' reading is the most probable noise value (i.e. the most often found), its probability being in all cases larger than 99% on the most sensitive range and equal to 100% on all other ranges.
In this paper we report an indirect method based on photomultiplier response calibration to measure the radiant power of the internal second harmonic generation (ISHG) from InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs strained single quantum well buried heterostructure laser diodes. We observed enhanced ISHG radiant power, of the order of magnitude of 10-8 W. This phenomenon represents a signature of the beginning of the process of catastrophic optical degradation of the LD mirror facet layers, where the nonlinear optical interaction occurs.
KEYWORDS: Near field optics, Radio optics, Radiometry, Calibration, Semiconductor lasers, Optical calibration, Photodiodes, Feedback loops, Beam splitters, Fluctuations and noise
Power stabilized DL's represent today convenient sources for radiometric applications, as transfer laboratory standards. Stability measurements were carried out and reported by other authors for different time intervals, but only for low optical power levels (max. 16 mW). For calibrating usual optical radiometers, such low emitted power DL's are useless. This paper reports stability measurements carried out on several collimated DL's with (lambda) around 980 nm and emitted power up to 265 mW in near-field/150 mW in far-field. Stabilities of the order 1e-4 for short-time intervals (tens of seconds) and 1e-3 for medium-time intervals (1 hour) were found for a non-thermostated structure, having the control photodiode (PD) in the same enclosure with the DL (at the rear of the structure). The corresponding stabilities for an external control PD resulted of the order 1e-5 for both short and medium time intervals. The schematic of the optical power stabilizer is presented.
In this paper we report an indirect method based on photomultiplier response calibration to measure the radiant power of the internal second harmonic generation (ISHG) from InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs strained single quantum well buried heterostructure laser diodes. We observed enhanced ISHG radiant power, of the order of magnitude of 10-8 W. This phenomenon represents a signature of the beginning of the process of catastrophic optical degradation of the LD mirror facet layers, where the nonlinear optical interaction occurs.
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