Current Thermal infra red ( 7..14μm) multispectral imager instruments use cryogenically cooled Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT or HgCdTe) detectors. This causes the instruments to be bulky, power hungry and expensive.
For systems that have medium NETD (Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference) requirements and can operate with high speed optics (<1.5), room temperature microbolometer performance has increased enough to enable people to design multispectral instruments based on this new detector technology.
Because microbolometer technology has been driven by the military need for inexpensive, reliable and small thermal imagers, microbolometer based detectors are almost exclusively available in 2D format, and performance is still increasing.
Building a spectrometer for the 7 to 12 μm wavelength region using microbolometers has been discarded until now, based on the expected NETD performance.
By optimising the throughput of the optical system, and using the latest improvements in detector performance, TNO TPD has been able to design a spectrometer that is able to provide co-registered measurements in the 7 to 12 μm wavelength region yielding acceptable NETD performance.
Apart from the usual multispectral imaging, the concept can be used for several other applications, among which imaging in both the 3 to 5 and 7 to 12 μm atmospheric windows at the same time (forest fire detection and military recognisance) or wideband flame analysis (Nox detection in industrial ovens).
Amongst the different instruments that have been preselected to be on-board the Pasteur payload on ExoMars is the Raman/ Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument. Raman spectroscopy and LIBS will be integrated into a single instrument sharing many hardware commonalities.
An international team under the lead of TNO has been gathered to produce a design concept for a combined Raman Spectrometer/ LIBS Elegant Bread-Board (EBB). The instrument is based on a specifically designed extremely compact spectrometer with high resolution over a large wavelength range, suitable for both Raman spectroscopy and LIBS measurements. Low mass, size and resources are the main drivers of the instrument’s design concept. The proposed design concept, realization and testing programme for the combined Raman/ LIBS EBB is presented as well as background information on Raman and LIBS.
MIBS is a spectrometer operating in the thermal infrared wavelength region, designed in frame of the phase A study for the ESA EarthCARE mission as part of the multispectral Imaging instrument MSI, which uses a 2D microbolometer array detector in stead of the more common MCT detectors.
Utilization of a microbolometer and using an integrated calibration system, results in a sensor with a size and mass reduction of at least an order of magnitude when compared to currently flying instruments with similar spectral resolution.
In order to demonstrate feasiblity a breadboard has been designed, which will be build and aligned in 2006 and will be ready for testing the forth quarter of 2006.
Design, development and verification of the passive Fine Sun Sensor (FSS) for the BepiColombo spacecraft is described. Major challenge in the design is to keep the detector at acceptable temperature levels while exposed to a solar flux intensity exceeding 10 times what is experienced in Earth orbit. A mesh type Heat Rejection Filter has been developed. The overall sensor design and its performance verification program is described.
Sentinel-5 is part of the Metop SG instrument suite. Metop SG is a series of three Meteorological Operational
(MetOp) satellites which will provide continuity and enhancement of these observations in the timeframe of
2020 to 2040.
The TROPOMI instrument concept is part of the TRAQ mission proposal to ESA in response to the Call for Ideas in
2005. TRAQ (TRopospheric composition and Air Quality) has been accepted for a further pre-phase A study for the
next Earth Explorer core Mission. A very similar instrument has been proposed for the CAMEO platform to the US
National Research Council decadal study, which has also been accepted for further study.
TROPOMI is a nadir-viewing grating-based imaging spectrometer using the Dutch OMI and SCIAMACHY heritage. It
includes an UV-VIS-NIR module that consists of three UV-VIS channels continuously covering the 270-490 nm range
to determine O3, NO2, HCHO, SO2, aerosols and a NIR-channel covering 710-775 nm for cloud detection and
information on the aerosol height distribution using the oxygen A band. TROPOMI also includes a SWIR module
covering 2305-2385 nm that mainly focuses on determination of CO and CH4 total columns. All species are measured
with sensitivity down to the Earth's surface, thus addressing issues of anthropogenic emissions and their impact on air
quality and climate. In the TRAQ mission, unique diurnal time sampling with up to 5 daytime observations over midlatitude
regions (Europe, North-America, China) is foreseen by using a non-sun-synchronous, medium-inclination
drifting orbit and a 2600 km wide observational swath.
Several more general aspects related to the TROPOMI instrument are discussed in a separate paper in this conference.
This paper focuses on the development of the SWIR module. A breadboard model (BBM) has been designed and
constructed which is as much as possible functionally flight representative. Critical technologies to be demonstrated
with the BBM are the SWIR HgCdTe-based 2D focal plane array, the on-board SWIR calibration LED, and in
particular, the SRON/TNO developed silicon-based immersed grating that allows a hugely reduced instrument volume.
In the presentation the results of a performance analysis of the TROPOMI-SWIR channel will be discussed, as well as
results of the detector characterization program on a representative off-the-shelf FPA, and details of the
photolithographic production of the immersed grating.
TROPOMI is a nadir-viewing grating-based imaging spectrograph in the line of OMI and SCIAMACHY. TROPOMI is
part of the ESA Candidate Core Explorer Mission proposal TRAQ and also of the CAMEO satellite proposed for the US
NRC decadal study. A TROPOMI-like instrument is part of the ESA/EU Sentinel 4&5 pre-phase A studies.
TROPOMI covers the OMI wavelengths of 270-490 nm to measure O3, NO2, HCHO, SO2 and aerosols and adds a NIR
channel and a SWIR module. The NIR-channel (710-775 nm) is used for improved cloud detection and aerosol height
distribution. The SWIR module (2305 - 2385 nm) measures CO and CH4 and forms a separate module because of its
thermal requirements.
TROPOMI is a non-scanning instrument with an OMI-like telescope but optimized to have smaller ground pixels (10 x
10 km2) and sufficient signal-to-noise for dark scenes (albedo 2 %). TROPOMI has the same wide swath as OMI (2600
km). In TRAQ's mid-inclination orbit, this allows up to 5 daytime observations over mid-latitude regions (Europe,
North-America, China).
The paper gives a description of the TROPOMI instrument and focuses on several important aspects of the design, for
example the sun calibration and detector selection status.
MIBS is a spectrometer operating in the thermal infrared wavelength region, designed in frame of the phase A study for the ESA EarthCARE mission as part of the multispectral Imaging instrument MSI, which uses a 2D microbolometer array detector in stead of the more common MCT detectors.
Utilization of a microbolometer and using an integrated calibration system, results in a sensor with a size and mass reduction of at least an order of magnitude when compared to currently flying instruments with similar spectral resolution.
In order to demonstrate feasibility a breadboard has been designed, which will be build and aligned in 2006 and will be ready for testing the forth quarter of 2006.
This paper presents the TNO share of the development of the HIFI Alignment Camera System (HACS), covering the opto-mechanical and thermal design. The HACS is an Optical Ground Support Equipment (OGSE) that is specifically developed to verify proper alignment of different modules of the HIFI instrument during on-ground thermal (vacuum) testing of the ESA Herschell spacecraft.
This paper presents the development of the IASI Infrared Spot Scan test equipment, with a focus on the mechanical design. The IASI instrument, developed by Alcatel, is a spaceborne meteorological instrument, for observation of the Earth atmosphere in the infrared wavelength region. An infrared Optical Ground Support Equipment (OGSE), developed by TNO TPD is used to test the focal plane of the IASI instrument. The characterization is done by response
measurement of an infrared spot scanning the detector area of IASI. The vacuum part of the OGSE consists of 3 linear stages, an optical table comprising an infrared source, an elliptical mirror, a shutter and a diaphragm. The system is partly cooled. A control system for stages, shutter and thermal control completes the system.
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