In the last decade, among the various cerebral ischemia biomarkers, microRNAs (miRNAs, MW 7-10 kDa) have recently attracted the attention of researchers. These are short endogenous biomolecules of noncoding ribonucleic acids that negatively regulate gene expression. The presence of miRNAs in blood and the ability to measure their level in a non-invasive way, the so-called liquid biopsy approach, has opened new doors in the search for peripheral biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke. In order to perform liquid biopsy, Bloch surface waves supported by one dimensional photonic crystals are exploited to enhance and redirect the fluorescence arising from a sandwiched miRNA recognition assay. Besides, the sensing elements consist of disposable and low-cost plastic biochips coated with a 1DPC. The assay format consists of a first partial hybridization of an oligonucleotidic probe, immobilized onto the 1DPC surface in five regions, with the miRNA target (miR-16-5p, hemorrhagic stroke biomarker) to be revealed in a complex biological medium. The protocol is then completed with a second partial hybridization of the miRNA target with a second synthetic oligonucleotide conjugated with an organic dye. This last step permits to specifically introduce fluorescence where the sandwich assay is accomplished. Thanks to the present technique, we are able to detect miRNA target solutions with a limit of detection of 32 ng/mL in less than 60 minutes. In conclusion, since the recommended therapeutic window is very limited, biomarkers for cerebral ischemia/hemorrhage have the potential to speed-up diagnosis and the assignment of treatments.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) over-expression occurs in 15–20% of breast cancers and it is generally associated with a dismal prognosis. In this work, we report on the use of one-dimensional photonic crystal biochips to detect clinically relevant concentrations of HER2 in human plasma samples. To this aim, we optimized an optical read-out system, combining both label-free and fluorescence detection, which makes use of biochips tailored with specific proteins for specific biological recognition. Our biochips were used to discriminate HER2 positive/negative human plasma samples providing a solid and reliable tool for clinical diagnostics.
Micro systems are an indispensable tool in many research areas. Their applications range from point-of-care diagnostics to drug development and personalized medicine. Hence multilayer technology is already established in modern printed circuit board manufacturing it could also enable the rapid and effective production of complex microfluidic micro systems, hence it is already cost effective for small batch sizes of 50 pieces and less. By micromachining polymer foils and subsequent thermal bonding, channels and cavities can be realized down to a minimum structure size of 50 µm. For smaller structures, free-standing structures (pillars) or structures with varying depths (e.g. micro lenses), the technology reaches its limits. Such structures can be realized by hot embossing. Nevertheless, some challenges still remain when multilayer manufacturing and hot embossing technology are combined: First the filigree, hot embossed structures must be retained during the subsequent joining processes. Second the hot embossed components are usually very thin and significantly smaller than the overall system. Successful integration requires exact positioning and handling without twisting. Here we present the realization of multilayer based micro-fluidic systems for the integration of hot embossed components. In this process, joining partners are functionalized using plasma treatment and then bonded at lower pressures and temperatures. For automated assembly, a robot-setup was adapted and customized tools were developed. A special suction gripper even enables the handling of porous membranes without warping. With the extended technology chain, smaller and freestanding structures with varying depths can be realized.
Sepsis, defined as the systemic inflammatory response to a confirmed or suspected source of infection, is the most severe infection-related condition and its identification can be particularly difficult in the initial stages. The importance of having a Point-of-care testing platform capable of measuring sepsis biomarkers for a secure early-stage diagnosis is evident to reduce delay in treatment and hence recovery period for the patient.
We will report on a simple and cost-effective device which also shows high portability. It is based on the optical detection of labeled essays through a fully-automated fiber probe. Efficient signal collection is obtained by replacing the standard glass substrate with a planar metallo-dielectric multilayer which funnels the emission into a narrow cone around the polar axis [1]. Optical interrogation is implemented with a minimized epi-fluorescence monolithic system directly connected to the fiber.
On one hand, optical probes provide the ability to detect low quantities of target molecules without direct contact to the sample; on the other hand, nano-photonics promises to overcome the limitations related to bulk optics with precise and fragile alignment procedures.
We will report on preliminary results obtained for a reference dry essays (IgG/anti-IgG) marked with ATTO647N, which demonstrates sensitivity overcoming the requirements for CRP-based sepsis detection. We will also discuss optimization steps which are expected to bring sensitivity beyond the level required for PRC-based sepsis detection. The proposed device is also prone to implementation in microfluidic-based protocols.
[1] Checcucci S, Lombardi P., Rizvi S., Sgrignuoli F., Gruhler N., Dieleman F.B.C., Cataliotti F.S., Pernice W.H.P., Agio M., and Toninelli C., Beaming light from a quantum emitter with a planar optical antenna, Light: Science and Applications, Vol. 6, e16245 (2017).
Micro-physiological platforms (organ-on-chip, multi-organ-chip) have an enormous potential to strengthen research in drug development, toxicological screening, personalized medicine and disease modeling. The design of such microphysiological systems (MPS) is an interdisciplinary challenge. We designed a modular plug and play construction kit for the development of MPS. The modular system provides a large number of functional, miniaturized modules such as pumps, oxygenators, reservoirs and cell culture compartments whose fluidic interfaces comply with the luer-lock standard. This allows the modules to be combined quickly and easily with each other, according to the intended application. Depending on their functionality, the modules are implemented using the multilayer technology established at the IWS or modern 3D printing processes. The construction kit also provides a universal control platform. This consists of a basic controller for micro pumps and valves which can be combined with numerous additional modules like gas mixers, oxygenators and pH sensors. Thus, the financial and time expenditure of an MPS development can be drastically reduced with the help of the modular system.
Sepsis, defined as the systemic inflammatory response to a confirmed or suspected source of infection, is the most severe infection-related condition and its identification can be particularly difficult in the initial stages. The importance of having a POCT platform capable of measuring sepsis biomarkers for a secure early-stage diagnosis is evident since traditional methods of pathogen determination delay treatment and also increase the recovery period for the patient. The biggest advantage of optical probes is the ability to detect low quantities of target molecules without direct contact to the sample. Nanophotonics-based sensing promises to build on the advantages of optical sensing, while overcoming its limitations by providing a high sensitivity, specificity, dynamic range, as well as the possibility for easy integration into simple and affordable devices. The project FASPEC (Fiber-based planar antennas for biosensing and diagnostics) aims at developing and prototyping a high-performance fluorescence-based molecular assay for in-vitro diagnostics that integrates lab-on-a-chip and optical readout functionalities within a single, fully automated platform. The key biophotonics innovation of the project is the replacement of the bulk optics used for collecting the fluorescence signal with a suitably designed optofluidic chip. The latter shall function as an optical antenna to direct fluorescence towards the sensor head, hence enhancing the sensitivity of the fluorescence-based assay by orders of magnitude. Application-specific lab-on-a-chip systems equipped with our high-throughput and ultrasensitive detection scheme have been envisioned.
Closed micro-physiological systems (MPS) are miniaturized, chip-sized platforms that can be used as cellularized organoid systems to study cellular processes like migration, regeneration or proliferation in vitro. Due to the limited accessibility of the cells inside of closed MPS, the establishment of a well-defined mechanism to induce specific cell damage is difficult. Here we present a novel laser based method to induce well-defined lesions in closed cell layers. This could be a novel tool to study cellular mechanisms of different cell types after injury. The present project aimed to establish well-defined lesion in cellular layers without removing the dead cells and the molecular signaling that is caused by apoptosis. Considering that, we constructed a MPS that was produced by layer laminate manufacturing. According to the experimental needs, the MPS contains two fluidic circuits which include reservoirs, channels, and an integrated micro pump. To establish the method, blood endothelial outgrowth cells (BOEC) were seeded into the MPS previously coated with collagen (5μg/cm2) at a density of approximately 7,5×104 cells/cm2. After 3 hours of attachment, a pulsatile flow was applied to the channels. When the whole channel was covered with a BOEC monolayer, laser ablation took place between day 3 and 6 after seeding. To induce the selective cell injury we used a JenLas D2.mini laser that was optically integrated into an inverted microscope. The irradiation took several seconds with a wavelength of 532 nm. The damage and the following regeneration processes were observed by fluorescence microscopy using LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit and Time Lapse recording
Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) systems are utilized for medicine and biotechnology applications. The field reaches from synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients up to the detection of specific biomarkers and the cultivation of human cells and human tissues for substance testing, personalized and regenerative medicine. LoC systems can be realized quickly and flexibly with an established closed technology chain developed at Fraunhofer IWS. In the first step, the system is constructively split into individual layers, which are later formed in each case by a separate foil. In the second step, a material with the desired properties is selected from the functional boundary conditions for each layer. In the third step, the foils are cut by means of laser micro-material processing, structured on both sides and optionally functionalized. In the fourth and final step, the individual foils are laminated together into a multilayer system using different technologies. In order to increase the effectiveness of laser micro-material processing, the established scanner-based optical design was further developed. The f-Theta lens was removed and replaced by a dynamic beam shaping element and a fixed focal length lens located in the beam path in advance of the scanner (“post-objective scanning”). As a high-dynamic beam shaping module, a mirror with piezo-driven surface curvature is used. The focal spot can be placed in a plane via a defined curvature as a function of the scanner mirror positions. By eliminating the f-Theta objective, the working area is increased by a factor of 4, resulting in a total process efficiency improvement.
KEYWORDS: Hypoxia, Oxygen, Microfluidics, 3D modeling, Animal model studies, Systems modeling, In vitro testing, Lab on a chip, Mode conditioning cables, Animal testing, Nitrogen, Luminescence, Velocity measurements, Tissues, Gases
Hereby presented is a microfluidic system, including a micro pump, an oxygenator and a cell culture chamber for perfusion controlled hypoxia assays. It consists of laser-structured polycarbonate (PC) foils and an elastomeric membrane which were joined together using thermal diffusion bonding. The elastomer forms an oxygenator element. The microfluidic system is characterized using non-invasive flow measurement based on micro-Particle-ImageVelocimetry (μPIV) and optical oxygen measurement utilizing the oxygen dependent fluorescence decay. Based on those experimental results and mathematical considerations, the oxygenator and mass transport phenomena within the microfluidic system can be described. This oxygen sensor, the micro pump, a controlling device and the gas mixture at the oxygenator forms a regulatory circuit to adjust the oxygen content in the cell culture chamber and helps to produce well-defined hypoxic conditions for the cells.
KEYWORDS: Industrial chemicals, Molecules, Signal processing, Chemistry, Biological research, Chemical analysis, Proteins, Solids, Thermodynamics, Signal to noise ratio
The fast development of DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DECL) in the past 10 years has received great attention from pharmaceutical industries. It applies the selection approach for small molecular drug discovery. Because of the limited choices of DNA-compatible chemical reactions, most DNA-encoded chemical libraries have a narrow structural diversity and low synthetic yield. There is also a poor correlation between the ranking of compounds resulted from analyzing the sequencing data and the affinity measured through biochemical assays. By combining DECL with dynamical chemical library, the resulting DNA-encoded dynamic library (EDCCL) explores the thermodynamic equilibrium of reversible reactions as well as the advantages of DNA encoded compounds for manipulation/detection, thus leads to enhanced signal-to-noise ratio of the selection process and higher library quality. However, the library dynamics are caused by the weak interactions between the DNA strands, which also result in relatively low affinity of the bidentate interaction, as compared to a stable DNA duplex. To take advantage of both stably assembled dual-pharmacophore libraries and EDCCLs, we extended the concept of EDCCLs to heat-induced EDCCLs (hi-EDCCLs), in which the heat-induced recombination process of stable DNA duplexes and affinity capture are carried out separately. To replace the extremely laborious and repetitive manual process, a fully automated device will facilitate the use of DECL in drug discovery. Herein we describe a novel lab-on-a-chip platform for high throughput drug discovery with hi-EDCCL. A microfluidic system with integrated actuation was designed which is able to provide a continuous sample circulation by reducing the volume to a minimum. It consists of a cooled and a heated chamber for constant circulation. The system is capable to generate stable temperatures above 75 °C in the heated chamber to melt the double strands of the DNA and less than 15 °C in the cooled chamber, to reanneal the reshuffled library. In the binding chamber (the cooled chamber) specific retaining structures are integrated. These hold back beads functionalized with the target protein, while the chamber is continuously flushed with library molecules. Afterwards the whole system can be flushed with buffer to wash out unspecific bound molecules. Finally the protein-loaded beads with attached molecules can be eluted for further investigation.
The miniaturization, rapid prototyping and automation of lab-on-a-chip technology play nowadays a very important role. Lab-on-a-chip technology is successfully implemented not only for environmental analysis and medical diagnostics, but also as replacement of animals used for the testing of substances in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. For that purpose the Fraunhofer IWS and partners developed a lab-on-a-chip platform for perfused cell-based assays in the last years, which includes different micropumps, valves, channels, reservoirs and customized cell culture modules. This technology is already implemented for the characterization of different human cell cultures and organoids, like skin, liver, endothelium, hair follicle and nephron. The advanced universal lab-on-a-chip platform for complex, perfused 3D cell cultures is divided into a multilayer basic chip with integrated micropump and application-specific 3D printed cell culture modules. Moreover a technology for surface modification of the printed cell culture modules by laser micro structuring and a complex and flexibly programmable controlling device based on an embedded Linux system was developed. A universal lab-on-a-chip platform with an optional oxygenator and a cell culture module for cubic scaffolds as well as first cell culture experiments within the cell culture device will be presented. The module is designed for direct interaction with robotic dispenser systems. This offers the opportunity to combine direct organ printing of cells and scaffolds with the microfluidic cell culture module. The characterization of the developed system was done by means of Micro-Particle Image Velocimetry (μPIV) and an optical oxygen measuring system.
The increasing demand for early detection of diseases drives the efforts to develop more and more sensitive techniques to detect biomarkers in extremely low concentrations. Electromagnetic modes at the surface of one dimensional photonic crystals, usually called Bloch surface waves, were demonstrated to enhance the resolution and constitute an attractive alternative to surface plasmon polariton optical biosensors. We report on the development of Bloch surface wave biochips operating in both label-free and fluorescence modes and demonstrate their use in ovalbumin recognition assays.
Bloch surface waves (BSW) propagating at the boundary of truncated photonic crystals (1D-PC) have emerged as an attractive approach for label-free sensing in plasmon-like sensor configurations. Due to the very low losses in such dielectric thin film stacks, BSW feature very low angular resonance widths compared to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) case. Besides label-free operation, the large field enhancement and the absence of quenching allow utilizing BSW coupled fluorescence detection to additionally sense the presence of fluorescent labels. This approach can be adapted to the case of angularly resolved resonance detection, thus giving rise to a combined label-free / labelled biosensor platform. It features a parallel analysis of multiple spots arranged as a one-dimensional array inside a microfluidic channel of a disposable chip. Application of such a combined biosensing approach to the detection of the Angiopoietin-2 cancer biomarker in buffer solutions is reported.
An integrated technology chain for laser-microstructuring and bonding of polymer foils for fast, flexible and low-cost manufacturing of multilayer lab-on-a-chip devices especially for complex cell and tissue culture applications, which provides pulsatile fluid flow within physiological ranges at low media-to-cells ratio, was developed and established. Initially the microfluidic system is constructively divided into individual layers which are formed by separate foils or plates. Based on the functional boundary conditions and the necessary properties of each layer the corresponding foils and plates are chosen. In the third step the foils and plates are laser microstructured and functionalized from both sides. In the fourth and last manufacturing step the multiple plates and foils are joined using thermal diffusion bonding. Membranes for pneumatically driven valves and micropumps where bonded via chemical surface modification. Based on the established lab-on-a-chip platform for perfused cell-based assays, a multilayer microfluidic system with two parallel connected cell culture chambers was successfully implemented.
The detection of specific DNA sequences for the analysis of mutations as well as the detection of proteins gains
increasing importance in the field of point-of-care diagnostics. Here, a novel low-cost lab-on-a-chip system for label-free
detection of DNA hybridization and protein-protein interaction is introduced. The platform consists of a reader with
disposable SPR chips produced by injection moulding. Micro optical elements are integrated into the chip to accomplish
a simple connection to the optical reader. Automated, software-controlled reagent handling is achieved by a temperaturecontrolled
microfluidic system comprising a syringe pump and a switching valve. The sensing area can be separated into
maximum 40 parts for parallel analysis. Patterned functionalization is achieved by inverse micro contact printing.
Several application examples, ranging from on-chip DNA hybridization up to the detection of antibodies inside diluted
human blood serum, will be demonstrated.
On the basis of a simulation model for lab-on-a-chip systems, the three approaches of sample loop, hydraulic focusing
and dielectrophoretic focusing were investigated with a view to increasing sensitivity. The bonding rate can be increased
significantly using sample loop and hydraulic focusing. Both approaches involve a considerable extension of the
measurement period, though the target bonding rate can be achieved more quickly with sample loop than with hydraulic
focusing. By using suitable analytes which can be deflected using dielectrophoresis, the bonding rate can be significantly
increased without any extension of the measurement period.
The main focus of this article lies on the development of a novel joining technology for LTCC ceramic and
polymer sub-assemblies utilising laser radiation. Technical processes and the latest results are presented as
well as potential future applications. The developed joining process can be divided into two steps utilizing
the same laser system: a surface modification of the joining partners and a thermal process that is melting a
small portion of the polymer matrix that is being pressed into the roughness of the ceramic surface.
For more than three decades the tool "laser" is used for cutting various materials. Thanks to its high degree of flexibility the laser nowadays becomes a real competitor to existing silicon wafer separating methods in semiconductor industry like grinding with dicing saws. Presently, laser micro maching of silicon wafers is done by solid state lasers with 1064nm or 532nm, processing with 355nm is increasingly investigated [5]. Especially the influence of the gas atmosphere on cutting speed and achievable quality is to be discussed in this paper.
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