A mathematical model for the calculation of the optical and thermal properties of an ensemble of gold nanostars with different tip lengths L = 10 to 20 nm in an aqueous environment is proposed. The heating of a nanoparticle ensemble under irradiation by a laser pulse of a nanosecond duration: resonant λ = 808 nm and nonresonant λ = 1064 nm is studied. A significant blue shift of surface plasmon resonance during the formation of a vapor bubble around the nanoparticle was detected and described. Based on the analysis of the kinetics of nanoparticle heating under the action of a laser pulse before and after the formation of a vapor bubble, a theoretical description of the experimentally observed threshold nature of particle photomodification is given. It was found that the laser intensity Im necessary to achieve the melting temperature Tm (photomodification threshold) tends to increase with decreasing nanostar tip length and for an individual nanostar differs by an order of magnitude. However, up to 45% of the nanoparticles are heated to the melting temperature Tm by a single pulse with an intensity only 2.5 times higher than the minimum value of Im. At a wavelength of 1064 nm, Im is ∼6 times higher than at a wavelength of 808 nm.
Gold nanostars are one of the new types of nanoparticles with advantages such as plasmon resonance tunability and low toxicity. Therefore, gold nanostars are promising candidates for various biomedical applications including bioimaging, cell optoporation and plasmonic photothermal therapy (PTT) in NIR I, II, and III optical transparency windows of biotissues. However, the stability and possible transformation of gold nanostars under laser irradiation still remains unexplored. In this work, we studied the photomodification of gold nanostars under the 1064-nm nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation by the transmission electron microscopy and spectrophotometry. The photostability of nanostars depends on their morphology and the plasmonic properties. Specifically, for large nanostars with a plasmon resonance at 950 nm remarkable changes occur at a threshold pulse energy of 5 μJ. At this threshold, a significant part of nanostars spikes melts and most of the nanostars start to transform into gold spheres. For higher pulse energies of about 50 μJ, all stars transform into spheres. For smaller gold stars with a plasmon resonance at 680 nm, the changes are less pronounced. Up to pulse energy of 50 μJ, they retain the shape of stars and have spikes on their surface. Moreover, the complete transformation of these stars into spheres does not occur up to pulse energy of about 150 μJ. The obtained results can be important for optimization of PTT treatment with gold nanostars and nanosecond laser irradiation.
Numerical modeling of spectral absorption and scattering properties of structures manufactured as the ordered arrays of plasmon nanoparticles is carried out in this work. The results of numerical 2D simulation of selective heating of an array of plasmon resonant gold nanodiscs irradiated by a CW NIR laser (810 or 1064 nm) are presented. Calculations fit well to experimental data received. We demonstrate the possibility to control the local amplification of a shining laser field in the space between nanodiscs, as well as plasmon resonance absorption of each individual nanodisc. The perspectives of application of such nanostructures for providing of precision dosed-up thermal effects in cells and biological tissues are discussed.
In this work, we investigate the spectral and polarization characteristics of a vacuum photosensor with a nanoscale molybdenum blade as a sensing element. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the optical fields in the sensor and the photocurrent produced by laser beam irradiation in the range of wavelengths from the visible to the near infrared are presented. The existence of a photo-response far beyond the red threshold of the classical photoelectric effect is ensured by the localization of an external strong electrostatic field. Features of the field interaction of radiation with a molybdenum blade cause the registered spectral non-monotonicity of the photocurrent value, which corresponds to the results of theoretical studies. The ballistic transport of electrons in a vacuum is characterized by a high speed. Achieved results made the photosensor based on nanoscale molybdenum blade promising in the development of ultrafast vacuum micro and nanoelectronic devices.
This paper is devoted to the theoretical study of the effect of Nottingham in a composite electron field emission structure with a nanoscale DLC film on a metal blade. The processes of heat release during electron tunneling through the metal- DLC film interface and through the DLC film-vacuum interface are simulated under conditions of localization of an applied external electrostatic field. A comparative analysis of heat generation for two planar structures with a molybdenum blade is carried out - with a DLC film coating and without coating.
In this paper, a theoretical model of the formation of a local temperature field in suspensions of microorganisms with embedded plasmonic gold nanorods under irradiation by low-intensity NIR laser light was considered. The results of numerical modeling of the optical properties of plasmon nanorods used in the experiments, and the results of multiscale modeling of the parameters of local hyperthermia with various types of distribution of the concentration of plasmon nanoparticles are presented. Found that the process of concentration of nanoparticles, functionalized with human immune globulins IgA and IgG, around the cells of microorganisms with the formation of "clouds" leads to the appearance of a microscale zone of elevated temperature. This ensures a synergistic effect of a multiplicative increase in the volume of the hyperthermia zone. The results of numerical simulation provide a justification for the experimentally observed increase in the bacterium killing ability at laser hyperthermia of the cellular environment doped with functionalized nanoparticles, without a noticeable increment in the recorded average sample temperature when irradiated with a low intensity laser beam of around 100 mW/cm2.
The consistent patterns for local temperature fields under laser irradiation of biological tissue doped by effectively absorbing plasmon gold nanostars are discussed. Differences in the degree of spatial localization and the kinetics of the photoinduced temperature fields under irradiation by femto-, pico- and nanosecond pulses are revealed.
In this work, we describe the technology and design of planar multilayer structure. It is used as a sensitive element of the vacuum photosensor. Metal and dielectric layers are of nanoscale thickness. It is shown that the use of a thin molybdenum blade in the structure ensures the localization of the electrostatic field and increases the photosensitivity of the vacuum sensor. Submicron inter-electrode gaps provide a short transit time of the electron beam caused by the action of a light pulse. The ballistic transport of electrons in a vacuum is characterized by a high speed.
The paper provides a justification and a comparative analysis of the scaling directions of the developed and investigated planar triode field emission cathode unit with the aim of increasing the maximum field current density up to 0.75 A-cm-2 without sacrificing durability. The design features of the vacuum device with a planar structure provided low-voltage control - at 150 V in the mode of long-term durability and not more than 250 V in the mode of the maximum permissible emission current.
A model for calculating the electrostatic field in the system "probe of a tunnel microscope - a nanostructure based on a DLC film" was developed. A finite-element modeling of the localization of the field was carried out, taking into account the morphological and topological features of the nanostructure. The obtained results and their interpretation contribute to the development of the concepts to the model of tunnel electric transport processes. The possibility for effective usage of the tunneling microscopy methods in the development of new nanophotonic devices is shown.
In this paper, the regularity of local light absorption by gold nanostars (AuNSts) model is studied by method of numerical simulation. The mutual diffraction influence of individual geometric fragments of AuNSts is analyzed. A comparison is made with an approximate analytical approach for estimating the average bulk density of absorbed power and total absorbed power by individual geometric fragments of AuNSts. It is shown that the results of the approximate analytical estimate are in qualitative agreement with the numerical calculations of the light absorption by AuNSts.
The tunneling photo effect has been studied in a microdiode with an electrostatic field localized at an emitter based on a nanosized DLC structure. It is established the photocurrent, when the carbon nanoemitter is exposed by laser and tunable low-coherent radiation in the spectral range from UV to near IR with photons of low energy (below work function). A linear dependence of the photocurrent on the level of optical power in the range of micro- and milliwatt power is established. The effect of saturation of the current-voltage characteristics of the tunnel photocurrent associated with a finite concentration of non-equilibrium photoelectrons is observed. The observed spectral Watt-Amper characteristics can be adequately interpreted using a modified Fowler–Nordheim equation for non-equilibrium photoelectrons.
The phenomenon of electron tunnel photoemission from the DLC film structure is discussed. Planar multi-electrode structure provides formation of zones of localization the electrostatic field of a certain topology. Under the influence of a strong electrostatic field, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium (photoexcited or "hot") electrons tunnel into the vacuum from the zone of concentration of electrostatic field. The results of experimental studies and theoretical simulations of the process show the saturation of photoemission current component with an increase in operating voltage. This fact makes it possible to realize the high-speed control of the spectral sensitivity of the photosensor. This is fundamentally important for applications in the modern electronic and photonic devices.
Multiple factors and their impact on the stability of DLC field emission structures are discussed in the present work. Planar multi-electrode structures, in which the formation of zones of localization the electrostatic field of a certain topology performed, are examined. Estimates carried out demonstrated the existence of an effective solution for creating reliable and durable vacuum devices for electronics and photonics. Conclusions are confirmed by the results of experimental studies. Samples of devices showed an average current density of field emission 0.30-0.35 A/cm2.
The results of the practical implementation of the concept of field-emission current source with high average current density of 0.1-0.3 A-cm-2 are shown. The durability of cathode samples at a level of 6000 hours is achieved under conditions of technical vacuum. A phenomenological model is suggested that describes the tunneling of both equilibrium and nonequilibrium electrons in a vacuum from the zone of concentration of electrostatic field. Conditions are discussed as the resulting increase in the emission current due to the connection mechanism of the photoelectric effect is thermodynamically favorable, that is not accompanied by an undesirable increase in the temperature of the local emission zone. It is shown that to ensure stability and durability of the cathode is also important to limit the concentration of equilibrium carriers using composite structures «DLC film on Mo substrate." This helps to reduce the criticality of the CVC. A possible alternative is to use a restrictive resistance in the cathode. However, this increases the heat losses and thus decreases assembly efficiency. The results of experimental studies of the structure showing the saturation of photoemission current component with an increase in operating voltage. This fact suggests the existence of an effective mechanism for control of emission at constant operating voltage. This is fundamentally important for the stabilization of field emission cathode, providing a reliability and durability. The single-photon processes and the small thickness DLC films (15-20 nm) provide high-speed process of control.
The work is devoted to the development of a new direction in creating of broadband photo sensors which distinctive
feature is the possibility of dynamic adjustment of operating frequency range. The author’s results of study of red
threshold control of classic photoelectric effect were the basis for the work implementation. This effect was predicted
theoretically and observed experimentally during irradiation of nanoscale carbon structure of planar-edge type by
stream of low-energy photons. The variation of the accelerating voltage within a small range allows you to change
photoelectric threshold for carbon in a wide range - from UV to IR. This is the consequence of the localization of
electrostatic field at tip of the blade planar structure and of changes in the conditions of non-equilibrium electrons
tunneling from the boundary surface of the cathode into the vacuum. The generation of nonequilibrium electrons in the
carbon film thickness of 20 nm has a high speed which provides high performance of photodetector. The features of the
use of nanoscale carbon structure photocurrent registration as in the prethreshold regime, and in the mode of field
emission existence are discussed. The results of simulation and experimental examination of photosensor samples are
given. It is shown that the observed effect is a single-photon tunneling. This in combination with the possibility of highspeed
dynamic tuning determines the good perspectives for creation of new devices working in the mode of select
multiple operating spectral bands for the signal recording. The architecture of such devices is expected to be
significantly simpler than the conventional ones, based on the use of tunable filters.
We describe applications of silica (core)/gold (shell) nanoparticles and ICG dye to photothermal treatment of
phantoms, biotissue and spontaneous tumor of cats and dogs. The laser irradiation parameters were optimized by
preliminary experiments with laboratory rats. Three dimensional dynamics of temperature fields in tissue and
solution samples was measured with a thermal imaging system. It is shown that the temperature in the volume
region of nanoparticles localization can substantially exceed the surface temperature recorded by the thermal
imaging system. We have demonstrated effective optical destruction of cancer cells by local injection of
plasmon-resonant gold nanoshells and ICG dye followed by continuous wave (CW) diode laser irradiation at
wavelength 808 nm.
We describe an application of plasmonic silica/gold nanoshells to produce a controllable laser hyperthermia in tissues with the aim of the enhancement of cancer photothermal therapy. Laser irradiation parameters are optimized on the basis of preliminary experimental studies using a test-tube phantom and laboratory rats. Temperature distributions on the animal skin surface at hypodermic and intramuscular injection of gold nanoparticle suspensions and affectations by the laser radiation are measured in vivo with a thermal imaging system. The results of temperature measurements are compared with tissue histology.
This paper deals with the problem of using semiconductor laser radiation (wavelength 810 nm) for healing skin and
mucous cancer of small animal. Opportunities of using different types of lasers for clinical applications under
oncological diseases of skin and oral mucous have been analyzed. We determined power densities and duration of laser
irradiation for different types of tumors. IR thermograph was used for noninvasive temperature monitoring in the area of
tumor localization. For noninvasive measuring and registration of spatial distribution of radiation temperature of
investigated objects, we used IR Imager IRISYS 4010 Infrared Integrated System Ltd (UK).
Now in the leading biomedical centers of the world approved new technology of laser photothermal
destruction of cancer cells using plasmon gold nanoparticles. Investigations of influence of gold nanoparticles on
white rat platelets aggregative activity in vitro have been made. Platelet aggregation was investigated in platelet
rich plasma (PRP) with help of laser analyzer 230 LA <<BIOLA>> (Russia). Aggregation inductor was ADP
solution in terminal concentration 2.5 micromole (<<Reanal>>, Russia). Gold nanoshells soluted in salt solution
were used for experiments. Samples of PRP were incubated with 50 or 100 μl gold nanoshells solution in 5
minute, after that we made definition ADP induced platelet aggregation. We found out increase platelet function
activity after incubation with nanoparticles solution which shown in maximum ADP-induced aggregation degree
increase. Increase platelet function activity during intravenous nanoshells injection can be cause of thrombosis
on patients. That's why before clinical application of cancer cell destruction based on laser photothermal used
with plasmon gold nanoparticles careful investigations of thrombosis process and detail analyze of physiological
blood parameters are very necessary.
A new interference scheme of low-coherent interferometry was considered. This interference system does not use
a special supporting beam. An object is lighted up by optical field directly from source of light. Back-scattered
radiation is put to correlation analysis using Michelson scanning interferometer. Such unsupported interference
system has a number of advantages, e.g. conducting experiments in vivo.
A comparison of spatial sensitivity of OCT and HRT tomographs resolution was made during identification of
local inhomogeneity in presence of nanoshells and nanorods in bio-phantoms and bio-tissues. Plasmon-resonant
gold nanoparticles can be used as a new class of contrast agents in OCT diagnostics.
The theoretical part of our study was to simulate the backscattering signal related to the process of
electromagnetic wave propagation through a system of discrete scattering particles with consideration the
effects of different scattering multiplicity. By using the computer Monte Carlo simulations, we calculated
the spectra of collimated transmission, diffuse forward and back scattering for the systems of gold spherical
particles and shells.
Light-induced inactivation of dynamic response of somatic frog nerve on electrical pulsed excitation was study ex vivo. The light-sensitive Indocianin Green has been used on photodynamic induced inactivation of the processes generation nerve pulses. Inactivation of consequence action potential of somatic frog nerve using excitation of electrical pulsed was achieved by irradiation with diode laser light in a IR spectral region (λ=810 nm, P~1W/cm2) in the case of Indocianin green. It was discovered that Indocianine green decrease of the amplitude compound action potential of the ensemble neurons. Experiments show effective destruction of cancer cells of ear, mouth and skin by local injection of plasmon resonant gold nanoshells and semiconductor laser (810 nm) irradiation. For destruction such tumors pulse duration was not less than 1microsecond and pulse separation 10 at average power density 1-3 W/sm2 and energy density 100-200 J/sm2
The method of the local (>200 pm) functional injury of somatic frog's nerve using UV-A radiation of N2 laser (λ=337nm , P~10-100 mW) was realized. The level of injury was assessed from the decrease of compound action potential of the nerve stimulated extracellularly by electrical pulses of millisecond duration. Study of dynamic response of the bundle of axons revealed the decrease of the number of action potential which can be generated (less than 1O). This decrease may be attributed to destruction of action transport or/and voltage-activated ion channels of axon membrane. The dose dependence of the level of nerve injury was studied using varied both intensity and duration of UV-A irradiation.
The method of the local functional injury of somatic frog's nerve using high coherent UV-A radiation of N2 laser (λ=337nm, P~10 mW), coherent mercury-vapor lamp radiation (λ=365; 312 nm PΣ~2 mW/cm2) and low-coherence UV-A sun radiation (400-315 nm, PΣ~10 mW) was realized. The level of injury was assessed from the decrease of compound action potential of the nerve stimulated extracellularly by electrical pulses of millisecond duration. Study of dynamic response of the bundle of axons revealed the decrease of the number of action potential which can be generated (less than 105). This decrease may be attributed to destruction of action transport and/or voltage-activated ion channels of axon membrane. The dose dependence of the level of nerve injury was studied using varied both intensity and duration of high and low-coherent UV-A irradiation.
Dynamic response of the somatic frog nerve under electrical pulsed excitation and processes of inactivation under local laser influence (λ=900 nm) was investigated ex vivo. The dependence of propagation speed of action potential from external laser power was discovered. The propagation speed of action potential was growing up in axons bunch of frog’s somatic nerve with increasing of laser power. More than 90% of axons were inactivated when the power of probing radiation was equal to 10W, and the propagation speed increased up to 50%. Strong fluctuation of propagation speed compound action potential and its amplitude was discovered in ensemble of neurons near threshold. Complex dynamic of compound action potential was discovered. Excitation threshold was growing up with increasing the power of laser radiation and only several neurons from ensemble were activated.
We have observed for the first time the dynamics of a speckle field generated in bulk scattering partly ordered media or low-mode optical fibers probed by a laser diode ( λ = 654 nm) and a compact diode-pumped YAG:Nd laser ( λ = 532 nm) in the regime of frequency tuning. The dynamic coherent speckle-photo-chromic effect can be observed provided that the deviation of the probing radiation frequency is comparable with or greater than the effective phase delay difference between modes in the optical fiber of between waves in the random scattering medium. Using the proposed photochromic speckle technique, it is possible to determine the intermode dispersion of fibers with a length on the order of one meter and the dispersion of phase delay in test fluoroplastic structures in the regimes of several fold scattering (for a sample thickness of 10-20 μm) or multiple scattering (for a thickness of up to ~ 2 cm).
New techniques research mechanisms of photdynamic reactions at somatic frog nerve was approved. Dosimetry PDT with minimum time resolution ~1ms determined by changing the amplitude of compound action potential of somatic frog nerve. Light-induced inactivation of dynamic response of somatic frog nerve on electrical pulsed excitation was study ex vivo. The light-sensitive dyes: methylene blue (Mb), Indocianin green and eryhtrocin-B has been used on photodynamic induced inactivation of the processes generation nerve pulses. Inactivation of consequence action potential of somatic frog nerve using excitation of electical pulsed was achieved by irradiation with He-Ne laser light in a red spectral region (λ=633 nm, power level 2-20 mW), diode laser (λ=805 nm, P<0.1-1 W/cm2) in the case of Indocianin green and YAG:Nd laser (λ=532 nm, P~1mW) for eryhtrocin-B. It was discovered that methylene blue, Indocainine green and erytrocin-B decrease of the amplitude compound action potential of the ensemble neurons. The possible cell death mechanism was connected with damage of the sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (K-Na ATP) active transport which decrease of amplitude of compound action potential and decrease lifetime ionic channel of membrane nerve.
Dynamic response of the somatic frog nerve on electrical pulsed excitation was investigated ex vivo. Strong fluctuation of consequence compound action potential in ensemble of neurons near-threshold was discovered. The nonlinear response of the Hodgkin-Huxley model neurons with external electrical pulsed was investigated and numeral results correlation with experiments. Complex dynamic of compound action potential was discovered when on-line time of stimulatory electrical pulses comparable with nerve refractory period. New techniques research nonlinear behavior using photodynamic reactions or UV-A radiation at somatic frog nerve was approved. This nonlinear dynamic regime was controlling laser induced inactivation of processes in membrane of nerve.
The method of scattering media probing with the use of low-coherent light source with the controllable width of emission spectrum is considered. The contrast of partially coherent speckles is suggested as the diagnostical parameter. The additional polarization discrimination of detected speckles gives the possibility to select the components of scattered field which propagate in probed medium at different distances. Experimental results obtained for weakly ordered systems characterized by non-diffuse scattering regimes are presented.
The nonlinear response of the Hodgkin-Huxley model neuron with external electrical pulsed was investigated. Dynamic response of somatic frog nerve on electrical pulsed duration was study in vitro. Transcutaneous millisecond of excitation of the ganglion cell of the human retina by electric uses is used for diagnosis, determination of the extent of optic nerve damage, and also partial restoration of visual function in patients with glaucoma, myopia and different types of optic nerve atrophy. Correlation between the threshold of phosphen formation and duration of the stimulating electric pulses was determined experimentally in normal eyes and in eyes with various pathologies. Comparison of optical and electrical scintillating frequency gives information about the dynamic processes in the normal and pathological retina.
The dynamics of actively mode-locked laser is investigated and the results of numerical simulations are presented. Different regimes corresponding to the relaxation oscillations and spiking are observed depending on the noise level and frequency detuning. The numerical results demonstrate in detail the processes of destroying synchronization and pulse-train instabilities.
We tried to probe photon path statistics by analyzing the change of speckle contrast with different coherence length of source. The speckle contrast is strong function of both photon path statistics inside scattering media and coherence function of a source. By introducing explicit formula for speckle contrast, we can relate photon path statistics with measured speckle contrast and coherence of source in reverse manner. To realize this idea, we formulated this relationship and performed several MC simulations and basic experiments for various scattering media. Although the present result is very rough, it shows some possibility of using this method to find photon propagation statistics inside turbid media such as tissues and thin polymer film.
Measurement of retinal visual acuity in 230 patient with different types of cataract (senile, posterior capsular, nuclear, complicated) before and after extraction has shown high correlation between these values. Double `red' (He-Ne (lambda) equals 633 nm or diode laser GaAlAs (lambda) equals 630 - 650 nm) and `green' (YAG:Nd laser (lambda) equals 532 nm) retinometer has allowed to determinate the angle of resolution of the retina practically for all types of cataract. Applied speckle-technologies have permitted the range of retinal angular resolution to be estimated with the help of laser retinometer at the stage of preoperative cataract diagnosis. Speckle-modulated laser fields arising at in vitro measurements of different types of human cataracts lenses have been investigated experimentally. Computer analysis of digital images has allowed to estimate of destruction of the spatial coherence of a laser beam scattered by a turbid lens. Effect of saturation of the average speckles size in multiple-scattering biotissues gives good opportunities to determine preoperative retinal visual acuity for any type of cataracts in vivo.
Speckle-modulated laser fields arising at in vitro measurements of different types of human cataractous lenses have been investigated experimentally. Computer analysis of digital images has allowed to estimate of destruction of the spatial coherence of a laser beam scattered by a turbid lens. Applied speckle-technologies have permitted the range of retinal angular resolution to be estimated with the help of laser retinometer at the stage of preoperative cataract diagnosis. Effect of saturation of the average speckles size in multiple-scattering biotissues gives good opportunities to determine preoperative retinal visual acuity for any type of cataracts in vivo.
The scenario of the transition from a stationary state to the regime of generation of optical dynamic chaos is studied, which appears in He-He laser with delayed feedback. The coefficient of feedback is proportional to the output laser power and the changes of the discharge current. Depending on the coefficient of the signal of feedback subharmonic we observed the cascade of bifurcations of doubling period, the inverse cascade, the cycles with period f/3 and f/5, and the regime of dynamic chaos whose spectrum has no resonance frequencies. The range of existence of the observed regimes depended greatly on the degree of nonlinearly of the watt- ampere energy characteristics, defined by the processes of saturation of inversion of population and the controlled pressure of gas in the active element. Optical chaos in such non-linear systems appears, when the delay is greater than the life times of the metastable states of helium and neon that determine the internal dynamics of the laser. These results can be used for creation of optical generators of amplitude and frequency noise and information security systems.
Special features of speckle-modulated laser fields arising at in vitro measurements of different types of human cataractous lenses have been investigated experimentally. Computer analysis of digital images has allowed for estimation of destruction of the spatial coherence of a laser beam scattered by a turbid lens. Applied speckle-technologies have permitted the range of retinal angular resolution to be estimated with the help of laser retinometer at the stage of preoperative cataract diagnosis. An extent of laser retinometry at measuring visual acu9ity in patients with any type of cataract, and an incorrectness of its estimation by means of opto types charts have been set up.
Spectral characteristic biophotoreceptor in the human eye were determined using reflected optical wave from the retina and in this measurement have been used microspectrometric techniques. This measurements is possible only in vitro. We present new non-invasive correlation method ocular low coherence interferometry, which can be used in ophthalmology. Number of observed fringes in the Michelson interferometer is connected with spectral width biophotorecipient across Wiener-Khinchine transformation in case using of the partial coherent light sources. Such method allow determinate spectral sensitivity rod if sounded light is low intensity and application optical filter permit value red and violet border human eye. Change width interference fringes it is possible simultaneity measurement space sensitivity of the human retina which is very important in the ophthalmic diagnostic.
Measurement of retinal visual acuity (RVA) in 170 patient with different types of cataract (senile, complicated, posterior capsular ) before and after cataract extraction and also in vitro measurement of RVA with extracted cataractal lenses has shown that laser retinometer can be used for evaluating visual acuity within 0.3 - 1, practically for all types of cataract. Experimental in vitro studies of speckle-modulated laser field arising after transmission through different type of human cataractous lenses are presented. Computer analysis of digital imaging has allowed us to determine the degree of destruction of spatial coherence of scattered laser beam and the angle of resolution of retina using Retinal Analyzer of Vision (AROLI) in diagnosis of cataract. Approbation of topographic digital videosystem used for determing the extent of opacities in cataractous lenses in vivo and its use in measuring diapasons RVA for different type of cataracts is presented. The system consists of the modified slit lamp, CCD camera ( ELECTRIM) and PC PENTIUM with corresponding software.
Transcutaneous millisecond stimulation of the retina by electric pulses is used for diagnosis, determination of the extent of optic nerve damage, and also partial restoration of visual function in patients with glaucoma, myopia and different types of optic nerve atrophy. Correlation between the threshold of phosphen formation and duration of the stimulating electric pulses was determined experimentally in normal eyes and in eyes with various pathologies. Comparison of optical and electrical scintillating frequency gives information about the dynamic processes in the normal and pathological retina.
We report the results concerning the regimes of transition to the temporal chaos in an optical system with the feedback based on the single-mode frequency-stabilized laser.
Experimental in vitro studies of speckle-modulated laser field arising after transmission through different type of human cataractous lenses are presented. Computer analysis of digital imaging has allowed to determinate the degree of destruction of spatial coherence scattered laser beam and the angle of resolution of the retina using Retinal Analyzer of Vision (AROL-1) in diagnosis of cataract. Measurement of retinal visual acuity (RVA) in 135 patient with different types of cataract (senile, complicated, posterior capsular) before and after cataract extraction and also in vitro measurement of RVA with extracted cataractal lenses has shown that laser retinometer can be used for evaluating visual acuity within 0.3 - 1, practically for all types of cataracts.
In the paper theoretical and experimental study of forming of interference pattern with a high contrast at the retina cataractous eye is presented. The high contrast of retinal fringes is reached by control of the parameters of incident beam with regular interference fringes. Experimental result have been done for the model objects that can be described in the framework of 'random phase screen' approximation. Some recommendations for clinical application are suggested.
Experimental in vitro studies of speckle-modulated laser field arising after transmission through different type of human cataracties lenses are presented. Computer analysis of digital imaging has allowed to determinate the degree of destruction of spatial coherence scattered laser beam and the angle of resolution of the retina using Retinal Analyzer of Vision in diagnosis of cataract. Comparison with clinical investigation in vivo has been made.
Coherent optical time, frequency and heterodyne domain methods of dynamic parameters diagnostic of microwave transistors are discussed. Possibilities of optoelectronic and electrooptic station at the probing by picosecond pulses using mode-locked laser are considered. Peculiarities of microwave modulation of injective heterolaser and MESFET dynamic photoresponse are discussed. The determination of microwave transistor gain and noise coefficients using laser heterodyne methods at the probing of the active area drain- source is shown.
Mikhail Sverdlov, Garif Akchurin, S. Alaverdyan, T. Andrushkevich, Dmitry Zimnyakov, O. Kuznetsova, Alexey Mishin, G. Mikaelyan, S. Sokolov, Andrey Stepuhovich, Valery Tuchin
Light emitting module, which consist of superluminescent diodes (SLD) with spectral width approximately 20 nm full width of half maximum (FWHM), simple optical objective and driver for constant output power has been designed. An influence of the length of coherence of the illumination source used on the correlation characteristics of spatial distributions of speckle intensity is investigated.
It is shown experimentally and theoretically that due to interaction of totally or partially coherent light beams with such tissues as the human eye sclera and skin which undergo the refractive indices matching the collimated and total transmission, diffuse reflection and speckle structure of transmitted beams are changing in accordance with transition from multiple to low-step scattering. The scleral samples in a final stage of tissue optical clearing have the same properties as an optical retarder.
We report on the experimental results concerning the regimes of transition to the spatial-temporal chaos in an optical system with the delayed feedback based on the CCD camera and TV display. The analogy between the observed optical instabilities and the complex oscillations in the human pupil light reflex are discussed.
The basic principles of coherence-domain optical methods accounting their application to cell structures and biotissue function monitoring are considered. Using designed 2D-scanning speckle microscope human skin epidermis and human sclera structures were investigated. Frequency-domain technology was used for in vivo and in vitro analysis of human skin and sclera optical characteristics.
Rotation of the output speckle-pattern of multimode fiber was experimentally observed when the input radiation frequency was sweeping. Variations of the speckle-pattern were studied theoretically by means of the correlation analysis. The effect is confirmed and is shown to depend on the conditions of the guided modes excitation.
On tissue scattering parameters determination illustrating sensitivity and dynamic range of frequency-domain method using a mode-locked YAG-Nd laser and modulated injection GaAs laser were performed. For microwave range (0.1 - 2 GHz) both methods in application tissue and water-milk mixtures, latecs investigation comparable results were obtained.
The time-dependent equation of the radiative transport is reduced to the stationary one for the case of a radiation source being modulated by a harmonic frequency. A Monte Carlo scheme is suggested to solve the resulting equation. The technique avoids tracking the time-histories of each individual photon and allows us to take the finite single-scattering transient time into account. The algorithm directly estimates the quantities being relevant to frequency-domain measurements. A single set of photon trajectories can be used to compute the modulation and the phase of the scattered radiation at different modulation frequencies. The results of the Monte Carlo simulations are compared to predictions of the rigorous radiative transport theory and the diffusion approximation. It is found that the Monte Carlo technique provides a good agreement with the transport theory whereas the accuracy of the diffusion approximation decreases with growth of the modulation frequency. In addition, the technique is used to study the effect of the finite single-scattering transient time on the resulting modulation and phase distribution of the diffusely reflected radiation. It is shown that even a transient time as short at 0.1 ps can significantly affect the reflected signal from a medium presenting optical properties similar to those of biological tissues in the near-infrared spectral range.
Opto-electronic signal in the injection laser diode arises on the frequencies of mode beating of external cavity when internal multimode coherent radiation is detected by the active laser chip. Dynamic coefficient of transformation from radiation to injection current is measured in the range 150 MHz to 5 GHz. Fall down of frequency response in the range higher than 1 GHz was discovered, which is connected to finite life time of carriers in active channel.
On tissue scattering parameters, determination illustrating sensitivity and dynamic range of frequency-domain method using a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser and modulated injection GaAs laser were performed. For microwave range, both methods in application tissue and water- milk mixtures, latex investigation comparable results were obtained.
GaAs MESFET dynamic photoresponse under optical illumination by AM light of a laser diode has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The possibility of MESFET gain coefficient measurement via laser probing is shown in the frequency range from 100 MHz to 8 GHz.
The dynamics of an actively mode-locked lasers is investigated experimentally and the results of numerical simulations are presented. Different regimes corresponding to the relaxation oscillations and spiking are observed depending on the level of loss modulation are observed when the mode-locking is destroyed. The experiments show that spiking never occurs when the modulation signal is below the critical value. The numerical results demonstrate in detail the processes of pulse profile and pulse-train instabilities.
Noninvasive measurement of tissue (human skin) scattering parameters using a mode-locked laser He-Ne (633 nm) and YAG:Nd (1064, 532 nm) is presented. Broadening of output scattered optical pulse was detected by analyzing spectral components on the frequencies of mode beating.
A simple and sensitive method to determine tissue scattering dynamic parameters is presented. A mode-locked laser is used as an impulse radiation source. Amplitude and number of generation modes are connected to duration and shape of the pulse via Fourier transformation. Scattered optical signal, containing multiple scattering information, is broadened in comparison with incident pulse. Analysis of the output signal is performed by measuring spectral components on the frequencies of mode beating. This approach allows us to increase sensitivity.
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