Dr. Geordi Pang Profile

Dr. Geordi Pang

at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Ctr

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Publications (2)

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Proceedings Article | 18 March 2008 Paper

Electronic portal imaging using Cherenkov radiation

Isuru Silva, G. Pang

Proceedings Volume 6913, 69130A (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.772023

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Cerenkov radiation imaging, Sensors, Electron beams, Quantum efficiency, X-rays, Electronic imaging, X-ray detectors, Light sources, Prototyping

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Most electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) developed so far use a Cu plate/phosphor screen to absorb x rays. The main problem with this approach is that the Cu plate/phosphor screen must be thin (~ 2 mm) in order to obtain a high spatial resolution, resulting in a low quantum efficiency (QE) for megavoltage (MV) × rays (typically 2-4%). In addition, the phosphor screen contains high atomic number (high-Z) materials, resulting in an over-response of the detector to low energy x rays in dosimetric verification. Our overall goal is to develop a new high QE MV x-ray detector made of a low-Z material for both geometric and dosimetric verification in radiotherapy. Our approach is based on radiation-induced light (Cherenkov radiation) in optical fibers to convert x-ray energy into light. With our approach, a thick (~ 10-30 cm) fiber-optic taper (FOT) consisting of a matrix of optical fibers aligned with the incident x rays is used to replace the thin Cu plate/phosphor screen to dramatically improve the QE. In this work, we demonstrated that the predominant light source in optical fibers under irradiation of a MV beam is indeed Cherenkov radiation, and thus validated the feasibility of using Cherenkov radiation as the primary light source in our proposed Cherenkov detector. A prototype Cherenkov detector array was also built and images were obtained.

Proceedings Article | 6 May 2004 Paper

Development of a new generation of area detectors for portal imaging: high-quantum-efficiency direct-conversion MV flat-panel imagers

Geordi Pang, John Rowlands

Proceedings Volume 5368, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.531921

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Quantum efficiency, X-rays, X-ray detectors, Metals, Spatial resolution, Electrodes, Electrons, Prostate, Radiotherapy

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Recently developed flat-panel detectors have been proven to have a much better image quality than conventional electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) used in radiation therapy. They are, however, not yet ideal for portal imaging application primarily due to the low x-ray absorption for megavoltage(MV) x-rays, i.e., low quantum efficiency (QE), typically on the order of 2-4% as compared to the theoretical limit of 100%. A significant increase of QE is desirable for applications such as MV cone-beam computed tomography (MVCT) and MV fluoroscopy. Our goal is to develop a new generation of area detectors for radiotherapy treatment verification, with a QE an order of magnitude higher than that of current flat-panel systems and an equivalent spatial resolution. In this paper, we will first discuss the rationale and the challenges in designing a high QE detector for portal imaging application and give an overview of previous designs and their limitations. We will then introduce our novel design for a high QE detector, which has a thick, dense x-ray direct-conversion layer coupled to a 2D active matrix for image storage and readout. The conversion layer is made of high-density metal elements to convert x-rays to electrons and sub-pixel sized cavities filled with an ionization medium (e.g., gas or a-Se) to convert the electrons to free charges that are collected on electrodes connected to the active matrix. The QE, spatial resolution, and sensitivity of the proposed detector have been modeled, and results will be presented. It is shown that this new detector will be quantum noise limited and have both a high QE and a high resolution. Thus, further development based on this novel design is warranted.

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