We report high frequency (20-100 GHz range) optical field intensity oscillations in laterally-coupled-cavity verticalcavity surface-emitting lasers with several different techniques. The oscillation frequency is defined by the photon energy splitting of the coupled states. The resonance effect is stable in an extended current range and can enable modulation frequency resonances at higher frequencies as compared to the conventional relaxation oscillation frequency of the laser. This paves a way towards high-speed data transmission solutions at data rates beyond ~200 Gb/s with the advantage of better laser stability, as the resonance observed can reach high frequencies even at low current densities. A ~75 GHz intensity modulation between optical modes of a coupled-cavity VCSEL array was first reported by the authors in a two-aperture configuration in 2023 applying optical excitation [1]. Studies of 4- and 10-element coupled VCSEL arrays give further insight into the effects observed. New 3D numerical simulations and electrical modulation techniques have been applied to address the specific nature of the photon-photon resonance studies.
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are of utmost importance as key components for high-speed datacom, sensor and free-space applications. Therefore, for a successful further optimization of their performance understanding their behavior during operation is of crucial importance. A set of 850 nm VCSEL samples employing different doping of the active cavity zone are studied during operation by means of reverse current-voltage (IV) characteristics as well as photocurrent spectroscopy (PCS) under reverse bias. Reverse IV characteristics exhibits avalanche breakdown which enables an estimation of the electric field in the active region as a function of applied bias. Photocurrent spectroscopy is a powerful, nondestructive technique which measures essentially the convolution of the top mirror and intrinsic region absorption spectra and reveals quantum well transitions which redshift with reverse bias due to quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE). The VCSELs are characterised before and after high current operation. VCSELs with a controlled doping of the active cavity region do not alter neither avalanche breakdown nor the QCSE shift of the quantum well transitions during operation. However, VCSELs without doping of the active cavity region show a systematic shift in breakdown voltage towards lower values, which is accompanied by an operation-induced redshift of quantum well transitions observed by PCS. These results indicate an increase of the built-in electric field in the active cavity zone after high current operation which is discussed in terms of conceivable processes such as dopant diffusion, impurity electromigration, burn-in of contacts and/or the activation of dopants during operation.
We present a new hyperchromatic laser-based multifocal display. In the proposed design multiple full-colour virtual image planes can be displayed simultaneously at different depths in front of the observer through wavelength (de-)multiplexing. Each depth plane is displayed through its own combination of red, green and blue lasers at specific wavelengths. Hyperchromatic displays can be useful for augmented (AR) and mixed reality (MR) applications where real and virtual objects are located at different depths in front of the observer because they allow the human eye to focus on virtual objects and reduce the vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC). We present a laboratory demonstrator where the images generated by two red lasers (630 nm and 960 nm) were separated by more than 3 meters. We also discuss the applicability of the technology to the automotive head-up-display (HUD) systems and present an HUD system based on low-cost off-the-shelf components.
VCSEL arrays can play an important role in the increasing the data throughput of VCSEL-based optical interconnects both due to the need to increase the channel density and due to new emerging technologies like optical wireless. In this work we show the progress in the development of high-speed VCSEL arrays suitable for multicore fiber transmission leading to an increase of the total throughput through single fiber to 600 Gbps. We also discuss a novel type of compact VCSEL mini-arrays capable of high-speed modulation and coherent emission at the same time. Photon-photon resonance and coherent effects can help increase the resonant frequency and the bandwidth of the VCSELs and enable devices capable of 100 GHz operation.
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are of utmost importance as key components for high-speed datacom, sensor and free-space applications. Therefore, for a successful further optimization of their performance, understanding their aging behavior is of crucial importance. Photocurrent spectroscopy (PCS) is a powerful, nondestructive technique which can be used to analyze semiconductor materials. Applying it on VCSELs makes it a powerful tool to investigate these tiny devices. In this work, we present room temperature high-resolution PCS analyses of fresh vs. aged 850 nm VCSELs. These VCSELs are characterized before and after aging by means of PCS, which measures essentially the convolution of the top mirror and intrinsic region absorption spectra. Heavy hole and light hole quantum well transitions are revealed and the related quantum-confined Stark effect is studied. The VCSELs used in this study are mounted on a standard V-connector and were intentionally aged at extreme conditions to accelerate their degradation till reaching optical damage. It was found that in these VCSELs, a reduced PCS current is observed, which is possibly caused by nonradiative recombination centers generated by the aging-related processes. Moreover, we observe that aging of the devices at very high current densities results in the evolution of defect related states, which modify the IV-curve under reverse bias. Degraded devices also show a systematic shift in breakdown voltage towards lower values, indicating a possible shrinkage of the undoped region by impurity electromigration and diffusion. Interestingly, these changes are minimal in stable devices that were aged under normal conditions.
Efficiency of commercial 620 nm AlGaInP Golden Dragon-cased high-power LEDs has been studied under extremely high pump current density up to 4.5 kA/cm2 and pulse duration from microsecond down to sub-nanosecond range. To understand the nature of LED efficiency decrease with current, pulse width variation is used. Analysis of the pulse-duration dependence of the LED efficiency and emission spectrum suggests the active region overheating to be the major factor controlling the LED efficiency reduction at CW and sub-microsecond pumping. The overheating can be effectively avoided by the use of sub-nanosecond current pulses. A direct correlation between the onset of the efficiency decrease and LED overheating is demonstrated.
Two blue (450 nm) light–emitting diodes (LED), which only differ in top p-GaN layer growth conditions, were
comparatively investigated. I-V, C-V, TLM, Electroluminescence (EL) and Photoluminescence (PL) techniques were
applied to clarify a correlation between MOCVD carrier gas and internal properties. The A-structure grown in the pure
N2 environment demonstrated better parameters than the B-structure grown in the N2/H2 (1:1) gas mixture. The mixed
growth atmosphere leaded to an increase of sheet resistances of p-GaN layer. EL and PL measurements confirmed the
advantage of the pure N2 utilization, and C(VR) measurement pointed the increase of static charge concentration near the
p-GaN interface in the B structure.
Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) of two-colour monolithic white light emitting diode (LED) was measured by temperature dependant electro-luminescence (TDEL) and analysed with modified rate equation based on ABC model. External, internal and injection efficiencies of blue and green quantum wells were analysed separately. Monolithic white LED contained one green InGaN QW and two blue QWs being separated by GaN barrier. This paper reports also the tunable behaviour of correlated colour temperature (CCT) in pulsed operation mode and effect of self-heating on device performance.
Vladimir Aleshkin, Alexander Andronov, A. Antonov, E. Demidov, Alexander Dubinov, Vladimir Gavrilenko, Dmitry Revin, B. Zvonkov, N. Zvonkov, E. Uskova, Leonid Vorobjev, D. Firsov, S. Danilov, Ilya Titkov, V. Shalygin, Alexey Zhukov, Alexey Kovsh, Victor Ustinov
Discussion of ways to achieve mid and far IR intraband lasing just by lateral electric field carrier (electron or hole) heating in multiple quantum well (MQW) structures is given. It is argued that the Gunn diodes are low frequency indirect transition lasers based on hot electron population inversion arising under electron intervalley transfer. In the MQW structures direct optical transitions exist while hot carrier population inversion can be achieved due to inter-valley/real space transfer. The two MQW structures are considered in this work: GaAs/AlAs and GaAs/InGaAs systems. In the first the hot electron (Gamma) -X intervalley/real space transfer from GaAs layers to AlAs layers provides population inversion while in the second the inversion can arise due to interlevel/interlayer transfer. Evaluations via the Monte-Carlo simulation of the hot electron phenomena in some of the structures are given and observation of the hot carrier phenomena of the type (including far and mid IR emission and absorption) are presented. Consideration of the appropriate laser design which provides also a way to cope with the low frequency (Gunn type) current oscillations is given.
In this paper we present a simple non-destructive method for testing SiC plate single-crystals of any size and shape. The method is based on measuring the impedance changes of an inductive ferrite-cored coil due to placing the sample into the core gap. The method is valid for any SiC polytypes, though we used 6H one. Using this method we have obtained and discussed a conductivity as a function of doping level (Nd-Na) for 6H-SiC Lely crystals. The conductivity measurements were carried out with alternating current of 747 kHz frequency. The sensitivity of the method is limited by minimal conductivity 1 (Ohm(DOT)cm)-1 (that is corresponding to (Nd-Na) approximately 2 (DOT) 1016 cm-3 for 6H-SiC:N Lely crystals).
We are presenting a simple non-destructive method for characterizing SiC samples (Lely-crystals, CREE-substrates, and epitaxial films). With our method we observed ultraviolet differential reflection spectra of SiC samples and compared with pure Lely-crystal to estimate their structural quality. Our optical differential method is based on the experimental fact that doping of a crystal leads to appreciable changes of the optical fundamental absorption spectrum, which we interpreted as a uniform broadening and a shift of differential spectra. The broadening of absorption peaks can be caused not only by doping, but also by any defects of the crystal lattice (neutral impurities, clusters, micro-pipes and others), that destroy its periodicity. The shifts of these peaks inform us about the free carrier concentration. The experiment has shown we can detect minimum free carriers concentration up to nmin equals (ND-NA) equals 6 (DOT) 1015 cm-3. Besides we can detect minimal frequency of impacts with lattice defects as vmin equals 3 (DOT) 1012 s-1. Converting to charged centers concentration it equals (ND + NA) equals 5 (DOT) 1016 cm-3. Considering the small depth of light probe (less than 0.1 micrometers ) and delicacy of thin films, our contactless method is mostly applicable for its testing.
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