We propose an all-optical design of NOT, AND, OR, one-bit half adder, and subtractor using a microring resonator-based 2:1 multiplexer. As a substitute for traditional CMOS technology, the sector is moving toward large-scale optical integrated circuits due to growing needs for ultraspeed terahertz data transport and processing. Furthermore, energy-efficient connections are becoming more and more crucial. Using MATLAB, the complete design is thoroughly simulated and verified at an operational speed of nearly 260 Gbps. The faster response times of the suggested multiplexer-based circuits make them especially useful for digital signal processing and communication systems. Also performance parameters, such as the “extinction ratio,” “contrast ratio,” “amplitude modulation,” “on–off ratio,” “quality factor,” “photon cavity lifetime,” and “relative eye opening,” are estimated. Circuit parameters that are optimized are chosen to construct the circuit practically.
Silicon micro-ring resonator-based generation of all-optical (2×2) Walsh–Hadamard code is proposed. The energy-efficient, ultra-high-speed, and compact nature of micro-ring resonator-based devices is essential for optical computing. Both MATLAB and the Ansys Lumerical finite difference time domain (FDTD) approach are used to implement the generation of all-optical (2×2) Walsh–Hadamard code. The proposed design is simulated at about 260 Gbps. In the recommended circuit, the needed pump power for switching is merely 0.84 mW, which is extremely little in contrast. The “figure of merits” of the proposed design is evaluated through numerical simulation. The obtained contrast ratio and extinction ratio are considerably greater at 25.24 and 14.63 dB, respectively. On the other hand, the achieved amplitude modulation of 0.13 dB is extremely low. The on-off ratio for a single micro-ring resonator is 36.9 dB.
Improvement of the quality factor has now been an active area of research due to the growing interest of researchers in the field of the photonic crystal-based ring resonator and its applications in photonic devices. The introduction of randomness into the photonic crystal structures has proved to be an effective way to enhance the quality factor. A theoretical model of photonic crystal structure with a size disorder of the rod radius is investigated. The radius of the inner rods of the ring is modulated with the Gaussian random distribution function. The effect of a change in the disorder parameter (standard deviation) on the quality factor of the photonic crystal structure and the effects on the quality factors for variation of the refractive index of the structure and the analyte sample are evaluated.
The idea of photonic crystal came to be when E. Yablonovitch and S. John recommended a structure in 1987 having periodic alteration of refractive index in one or multiple directions. Photonic crystals have the potential to manipulate and tailor the flow of light across the crystal, which gives advantage to invent many photonic devices on the microscopic scale having very small footprints. In recent years several articles have been published on the advances of photonic crystal-based structures. This review article mainly focuses on the several fabrication techniques of photonic crystals and their applications in different fields. Several photonic crystal-based structures such as logic gates, optical sensors, polarization beam splitters, and absorbers for solar cells are reviewed in this paper to show recent advancements on this trending topic. Also, a brief review of the different steps of fabrication of photonic crystals and different fabrication methods proposed by researchers is articulated in this paper.
All-optical synchronous and asynchronous binary up counters that employ silicon micro-ring resonator-based T flip-flops are proposed. An alternative approach to design all-optical synchronous and asynchronous binary up counters is also demonstrated using fewer optical components. The proposed design is theoretically realized in MATLAB simulation software at a very high operational speed of 260 Gbps. The performance of this design is validated through amplitude difference, contrast ratio, extinction ratio, amplitude modulation, on–off ratio, etc. The optimized values of the micro-ring resonator are achieved through numerical simulation, which will help to implement the proposed design practically.
Data are transmitted at a higher rate over long and short distances to fulfill the global requirement using all-optical (AO) technology. The reliability or accuracy of data transmission is also a key factor along with the higher data rate to achieve today’s desire perfectly. The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code is a powerful, robust, and widely used error detecting code for data communication system and storage devices to find any unintentional changes during transmission. A (7, 4) CRC encoder has been analyzed numerically using AO silicon microring resonator (MRR) at a high-operational speed of 260 Gbps. CRC encoder is designed using MRR-based XOR gates and D flip flops. The proposed CRC encoder circuit is validated through MATLAB simulation. The optimization of essential parameters is accomplished through simulation against various metrics. These parameters could be utilized for practical execution of this design.
The conventional logic circuits dissipate energy into the environment due to the loss of information; hence these are termed irreversible logic circuits. The reversible logic (RL) circuits are capable of minimizing the power dissemination, quantum cost, and garbage outputs. The RL circuits based on all-optical technology have been adopted by many researchers in recent. The Fredkin gate is a significant RL gate. A modified Fredkin gate (MFG) made of a silicon all-optical microring resonator is realized in MATLAB. The MFG is capable of designing 16-Boolean functions with very small complexity. The figure of merit of the proposed MFG is achieved through numerical simulation. The parameters are selected from the determined specifications, and this could provide a practicable implementation of the proposed design.
This paper highlights the implementation of all-optical mode alteration using a simple micro-ring resonator (MRR). The polarization-based switching happens if a suitable input polarized light is applied as a source and pump power. The mode-conversion with respect to change in the behavior of the input and in the pump signal is used to realize all-optical OR/NOR and XOR/XNOR logic gates in both the output ports of the single MRR simultaneously. The all-optical switching behavior is also justified by its time-graph. The model is verified using the finite-difference time-domain simulation approach. Some characteristics parameters are also explained to highlight its benefits. The architecture may also be used to design new polarization-conversion centered logical and arithmetic circuits.
An ultra-compact all-optical AND/NAND logic switch using symmetric two micro-ring resonators (MRRs) are theoretically proposed under optical pump-probe configuration. Two pump pulses are employed to modulate two MRRs respectively. The simulation verified the proposed design which possesses extinction ratios (ER) of 12.3 dB at ultra-low pump power of 1.82mW.
All-optical universal logic gates are theoretically investigated and demonstrated in a single silicon microring resonator due to mode conversion. Mode conversion takes place at the switching speed of 0.2 ps and at ultrahigh quality factor (Q-factor) and requires low power. Simulated results obtained from the finite-difference-time-domain method verified our proposed model. The Q-factor for NOT, NAND, and NOR logic gates is noted as high as around 1500, 1500, and 2400, respectively. The design is simple and silicon-on-insulator compatible.
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