The intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) system based on silicon photonic devices stands out as a leading contender for the next generation of short-reach optical communication due to its cost-effectiveness, low power consumption, and compact physical footprint. Nonetheless, its direct representation of digital information through amplitude variations renders them acutely susceptible to transmission impairments. To improve the signal quality at the receiver, digital signal processing (DSP) based equalization plays a pivotal role due to its programmability, flexibility and stability. Among different kinds of equalization methods, neural network (NN)-based equalization algorithms have attracted considerable attention, surpassing traditional algorithms such as feed-forward equalization (FFE), decision feedback equalization (DFE) and Volterra series-based nonlinear equalization (VNLE) et al. This increased attention is attributed to their robust capability for modeling both linear and nonlinear systems. In this paper, by employing a novel NN-based equalization with eight saturation regions activation function, we successfully transmit a 60 GBaud 8-arypulse amplitude modulation (PAM8) signal with the bit error rate (BER) below high-definition forward error correction(HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8×10-3 and a 70 GBaud PAM8 signal with BER below soft-decision forward error correction(SD-FEC) threshold 2×10-2 using a 4-layer network architecture. Compared to the traditional activation function such as sigmoid and tanh, 1~3 orders of magnitude of BER can be decreased. The results show that the proposed innovative NN-based equalization has the potential to significantly enhance the performance of the next generation silicon photonics based short-range optical communication systems.
We performed numerical simulations based on the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation to investigate the coherence of supercontinuum (SC) generated by multi-pulse pumping with varying peak powers in all-normal dispersion (ANDi) fibers. The study explores and explains the nonlinear dynamics responsible for spectral coherence degradation at high peak powers. The results indicate that the spectral coherence of multi-pulse pumped SC is determined by the quality of the spectrum at the moment when pulses begin to overlap in the time domain. High peak powers cause noise to rapidly amplify through the coupling of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and four-wave mixing (FWM) during the Stage I evolution, while also accelerating pulse overlap, leading to insufficient coherent photon generation. To mitigate spectral coherence degradation in multi-pulse pumped SC generation, we propose two methods: introducing an initial chirp to the pulse pairs and employing multi-wavelength pulse pumping. Both approaches aim to introduce a frequency difference during Stage I evolution, which accelerates the generation of coherent photons between pulses, ensuring spectral coherence is maintained at the moment of pulse overlap.
KEYWORDS: Polarization, Modulation, Double sideband modulation, Single mode fibers, Frequency response, Radio over Fiber, Optical transmission, Optical modulators, Modulators, Analog electronics
High-quality radio-over-fiber (RoF) links are desired for wireless communication and radar systems. To address challenges of power fading induced by dispersion in fiber transmission, and the decreasing sensitivity caused by large carrier-to-sideband ratio (CSR), we propose a double-sideband-modulation analog photonic link featuring power fading compensation and tunable optical CSR based on a dual-parallel polarization modulator. Through adjustment of the direct current bias voltage, dynamic compensation of dispersion-induced power fading at the working frequency can be achieved. The simulation results show successful compensation of power fading over fiber transmission distances of 25 and 40 km. In addition, the tunable optical CSR ranging from -60 dB to 60 dB is attained by tuning the polarization angle before the modulator, providing the flexibility of optimizing the RoF link performance by adjusting the optimal CSR.
This paper uses an in-band optical performance monitoring (OPM) method based on autocorrelation, offering high sensitivity and multi-damage monitoring. The proposed method effectively detects both optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) and chromatic dispersion (CD) across a broad range of cumulative dispersion values. Utilizing the Wiener– Khintchine theorem, we retrieve the autocorrelation of signals through spectrum retrieval without the need for phase-matched second-harmonic generation. Dispersion is determined through variations in the autocorrelation function curve after cross-phase modulation (XPM), while OSNR is determined based on the normalized autocorrelation function and the characteristics of noisy signals. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness of this method across various modulation formats and input optical power levels. For 32 Gbaud signals, the OSNR monitoring error remains below 0.5 dB, with an effective monitoring range extending up to 30 dB. Additionally, the dispersion monitoring range reaches 800 ps/nm, confirming the broad applicability of this approach for high-capacity optical systems.
A scheme for generating a width-tunable optical pulse is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which is based on the Mach–Zehnder modulator’s traveling wave modulation characteristics in the Sagnac loop. In the proposed scheme, the clockwise light is modulated, and the counterclockwise light remains unmodulated and acts as a continuous-wave light. By adjusting the polarization controller and the bias voltage of the modulator, the generation of tunable-width pulses can be achieved. Experimental results show that the full-width at half-maximum of pulses (20 GHz) can be tuned continuously from 10.97 to 25.06 ps, with corresponding duty cycles of 21.94% and 50.12%, which is consistent with the simulated results. An 80 to 10 Gbit/s optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) signal after 100 km transmission demultiplexing experiment has also been demonstrated with the time window provided by the proposed scheme. The experimental results demonstrate the applicability of this scheme for high-speed OTDM signal demultiplexing after long-distance transmission. Furthermore, by adding an additional photodetector and an electric bandpass filter to the proposed scheme, both demultiplexing and clock extraction can be achieved simultaneously.
The time-stretch imaging system is a promising method for achieving real-time imaging and low-latency cell screening. To facilitate the evaluation of time-stretch imaging systems for cell detection, we present a simulator for phase recovery in a time-stretch quantitative phase imaging (TS-QPI) system. The simulator enables the efficient evaluation of TS-QPI system, demonstrating the feasibility of accurate phase recovery for a wide range of cell screening conditions and designing the TS-QPI systems depending on the characteristics of the target cells. Furthermore, it allows synthesis of simulated phase images highly beneficial in data augmentation when training machine learning models for cell detection.
To overcome the limitation of low spectral broadening efficiency in the normal group-velocity dispersion (GVD) regime, utilizing a multi-pulse pump source induces nonlinear effects between pulses, leading to the generation of new frequency components at extended wavelength, thus expanding the spectral range. In the process of single-pulse pumped supercontinuum generating, the evolution of non-frequency shift components of pulse tail plays a crucial role. In the case of multi-pulse pumping, the overlap of pulses makes the interaction between non-frequency shift and frequency shift components more complex. In this work, a numerical model for multi-pulse pump supercontinuum generation based on the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GNLSE) is established. The fourth-order Runge-Kutta in the interaction picture method (RK4IP) is employed to analyze the evolution of inter-pulse non-frequency shift components of multiple pulses during their transmission in the normal GVD regime. The results demonstrate that as the transmission distance increases, the non-frequency shift components at the edges of the pulse group exhibit an asymmetric evolution trend; the ones between the pulses undergo a transition from asymmetric to symmetric evolution, and this transition is significantly accelerated when the time interval between incident pulses shortens. The frequency components at the front and rear edges of the pulse group are primarily influenced by Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM) and Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), but the asymmetric evolution is mainly caused by SRS. While third-order dispersion (TOD) can lead to asymmetrical spectral broadening, its impact on the tail non-frequency shift components is relatively minor.
A width-tunable optical pulses generation scheme by using a single Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) based on polarization-sensitive feature of LiNbO3 crystal is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proposed system, a continuous-wave light is sent into MZM via a polarization controller (PC), and interference in a polarization beam splitter after passing through another PC. Experimental results show that the full-width at half-maximum of pulses (10 GHz) can be tuned continuously from 20.39 to 53 ps by adjusting the DC bias voltage of MZM and PCs. A 40 to 10 Gbit / s optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) signal demultiplexing experiment has been demonstrated using the time window provided by the proposed scheme. And the results show that the proposed width-tunable optical pulses generation scheme can be used in OTDM demultiplexing.
The simultaneous wavelength exchange and 2R regeneration between two degraded optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) signals is experimentally demonstrated. By exploiting the self-phase modulation effect and offset filtering in a single highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), it achieves 2R optical regeneration. Meanwhile, it realizes wavelength exchange using a bidirectional configuration. Optical wavelength exchange and 2R of 20- and 50-Gbit/s OOK signals at 1557.3 and 1552.3 nm is implemented with a power penalty of ∼0.5 dB at a bit-error rate of 10−9. The results show that the crosstalk is negligible for both channels in opposite directions. This bidirectional configuration exhibits excellent performance for simultaneous wavelength exchange and 2R regeneration between two degraded OTDM signals with different wavelengths.
We propose and demonstrate an all‐optical correlator based on modal dispersion in a multimode fiber. Many of the modes can be excited in a large core high numerical aperture step‐index multimode fiber under overfilled launching. The incident optical signal is copied into different modes and a time delay is introduced by the modal dispersion. We use a mask with slits as a space filter to select the modes needed. A correlator of the mask and input signal is achieved at the output end. Thanks to the use of modal dispersion, the correlator is nearly independent of the wavelength and bandwidth of the input signal. By adjusting the slits on the mask, the target patterns of the correlator can be changed easily. A radio frequency signal detection is also experimentally demonstrated with this construction.
In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate simultaneously all-optical optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) add-drop multiplexing (ADM) operation of two 80-Gbit/s OTDM signals by using a single highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). The performance of ADM is experimental studied. The experimental results show that only a power penalty of 1.5dB for the channel dropping function and no distinct power penalty for the adding function.
An approach for the implementation of microwave photonic filter with positive and negative coefficients using an unbalanced Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) is proposed and demonstrated. In the proposed filter, a microwave signal to be filtered is applied to the unbalanced MZM via the radio frequency port. Thanks to the unbalance between the two arms of the modulator, a π -phase shift is obtained by adjusting the wavelength spacing between the adjacent wavelengths, which leads to the generation of the positive and the negative coefficients. An equivalent experiment is performed to verify our approach. A four-tap and a six-tap microwave photonic filter with positive and negative coefficients are experimentally demonstrated. The tunability and the reconfigurability of the microwave photonic filter are also investigated.
In this letter, a novel simultaneous demultiplexing and clock recovery unit based on EAMs and clock recovery module is
presented and experimentally demonstrated for a high speed OTDM system. The 10GHz clock signal with low jitter is
extracted from 80Gbit/s and 160Gbit/s OTDM signal, and every channel of the OTDM signal is successfully
demultiplexed using this unit. The power penalty is lower than 3dB at BER of 10-9.
In this letter, a tunable chromatic dispersion compensating in 40Gbit/s system based on enhanced thermal chirping fiber
Bragg grating is demonstrated. The dynamic dispersion is provided by a tunable dispersion compensator based on
enhanced thermal chirping fiber Bragg grating, which can change the group velocity delay (GVD) without changing the
center wavelength or change the center wavelength with a fixed group velocity delay (GVD).
Temperature dependence of dispersion of G.652 fiber is experimental studied. The dispersion and dispersion slop
variations over a temperature rang of 80°C, from -20°C to 60°C are measured. The effects of temperature dependence of
dispersion on 80Gbit/s 100km OTDM system is experimental studied. Eye diagrams ascribed to the temperature of -20°C, 0°C, 20°C, 40°C, 60°C are demonstrated after 100km transmission link. The effect was also evaluated by BER curves. At
last, dispersion thermal coefficient and dispersion slope thermal coefficient of dispersion compensating fiber were
experimentally measured. The possibility of dynamically compensating chromatic dispersion and chromatic dispersion
slope of G.652 fiber due to environmental temperature alterations by controlling the temperature of dispersion
compensating fiber is proposed.
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