This article deals with the issue of fire safety monitoring of wooden buildings. Wooden buildings currently represent a quick and relatively inexpensive option for acquiring a family house. However, with regard to the building material and its flammability, the construction possibilities are strongly regulated by standards. The aim of this paper is to describe the possibilities of monitoring temperature changes during a simulated fire using optical fiber and a distributed temperature measurement system (DTS). The DTS system uses the principle of stimulated Raman scattering, which allows longitudinal temperature measurements with a spatial resolution of 1 m. The increase in spatial resolution was achieved by winding the optical fiber into 5 cm diameter rings, with a fiber length of 3 m in each ring. The measuring rings of optical fiber were attached to fabric arranged in a rectangular grid. This fabric with the rings was then placed at the surveyed locations in the construction panels. During the temperature loading of the test samples with the gas torch, temperature monitoring was carried out both on the reverse side of the samples and in the inner layers. The results showed that this system with conventional multimode optical fibers can measure temperatures ranging from 20 °C to approximately 500 °C. This method offers the possibility to accurately monitor the temperatures of wooden buildings, including the inner layers of the building panels. The proposed method can therefore be used to thoroughly verify the fire safety of wooden buildings and their components.
Fiber optic Bragg gratings are among the most widely used fiber optic sensors. It uses in dangerous explosive environments thanks to the electrical passivity of the sensor itself, but also in applications with high electromagnetic disturbance. Maintaining immunity of the sensor to electromagnetic interference requires non-electrical encapsulation material. This paper describes the encapsulation of the FBG sensor on a plastic plate fixed by gluing to the monitored structure. The proposed FBG sensor is suitable for measuring deformations or vibrations of iron and concrete structures. Due to the material used, the FBG sensor keeps resistance to electromagnetic interference, humidity, and corrosion. The results show the almost equal sensitivity of FBG strain sensors mounted on a metal carrier when measuring very small deformations and vibrations. The proposed FBG sensor concept reduces the cost of its manufacturing by using a 3D printer to produce the plastic carrier.
This article discusses the impact of multilayer neural network parameters for speaker identification. The main task of speaker identification is to find a specific person in the known set of speakers. It means that the voice of an unknown speaker (wanted person) belongs to a group of reference speakers from the voice database. One of the requests was to develop the text-independent system, which means to classify wanted person regardless of content and language. Multilayer neural network has been used for speaker identification in this research. Artificial neural network (ANN) needs to set parameters like activation function of neurons, steepness of activation functions, learning rate, the maximum number of iterations and a number of neurons in the hidden and output layers. ANN accuracy and validation time are directly influenced by the parameter settings. Different roles require different settings. Identification accuracy and ANN validation time were evaluated with the same input data but different parameter settings. The goal was to find parameters for the neural network with the highest precision and shortest validation time. Input data of neural networks are a Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC). These parameters describe the properties of the vocal tract. Audio samples were recorded for all speakers in a laboratory environment. Training, testing and validation data set were split into 70, 15 and 15 %. The result of the research described in this article is different parameter setting for the multilayer neural network for four speakers.
The importance and using of power LED diodes increases. White power LED diodes cover a wide spectral range and they are usable in many applications. These LED diodes work in optical systems, the original spectrum of a white power LED diode can be changed by using all kinds of optical elements. This article describes a pursuit of the most faithful recovery of the original spectrum of a white power LED diode. The evaluative criterion is the value of the Correlated Color Temperature of the original white power LED diode compared with the value of the Correlated Color Temperature of the recovered spectrum. This recovery can be used in communication engineering.
The team of authors was concerned in the development and construction of low-cost free space optical link and
simulations of the influence of atmospheric conditions on this link. The article contains description of electronic design
and attention is also dedicated to simulations of atmospheric conditions. Gradually, the most frequently occurring
atmospheric conditions and their impact on the available bit rates were tested. An integral part of the article is calculation
of the energy balance of the whole link. At the end are shown images of the measured eye diagrams and samples of
measured distribution of optical power using a digital camera and its processing in MATLAB.
The free space optical links have found their major application in today's technological society. The demand for quality
broadband is a must for all types of end users in these times. Because of the large jamming from wireless radio networks
in non-licensed ISM bands, the free space optical links provide bridging of some densely populated urban areas. Their
advantage is the high transmission rate for relatively long distances. However, the disadvantage is the dependence of free
space optical links on atmospheric influences. Aired collimated optical beam passes through the atmospheric
transmission environment and by its influence cause the deformation of the optical beam. Author's team decided to
construct a special measuring device for measurement of optical power in FSO link beam cross-section. The equipment
is mobile and can be rearranged and adjust according to the given location and placement of the FSO link at any time.
The article describes the individual structural elements of the measuring equipment, its controlling and application for
evaluation and adjustment of measuring steps. The graphs from optical power measurements in the beam cross-section of
professional FSO links are presented at the end.
The fiber optic sensors have a great possibilities thanks to its sizes, features and usage possibilities in measurement
engineering. Optical fiber is mostly used as a medium for the transfer of information, but if we consider an optical fiber
as a sensor then the other usage can be found for example in medicine or biology. If the optical fiber is heated by
sufficiently high temperature, the light signal starts to be emitted in the internal structure. This signal has a spectral
characteristic, which can be used for evaluation of temperature thanks to quality analysis. The article will describe the
evaluation of spectral characteristics for utilizationof optical fiber as fiber optic sensor for very high temperatures.
The team of authors tries to provide information on the results of the fiber-optic DTS system application under long-term
research of accumulation possibilities of thermal energy in the rock mass in this article. In 2006, was in Ostrava
implemented the largest object in the Czech Republic, which is heated by heat pump system. It is a multi-purpose aula at
VŠB-TU + CIT (Center for Information Technology). The installed heat pump system consists of ten heat pumps with a
total output of 700kW and 110 wells about 140m deep. The applied research is conducted in two measuring polygons
("Big" and "Little" polygon). Simultaneously with fiber-optic DTS system is applied group of PT1000 temperature
sensors and Geothermal Response Test (GERT). Fiber-optic DTS system is deployed inside polyethylene PE collector
via a special sensory fiber optic cable. The ecological antifreeze mixture, based on the technical spirit, used for the
collection and delivery of energy to the rock mass circulates inside of PE collector. PT1000 temperature sensors are
placed at certain intervals on the outer side of the PE U-tube within the heat well. The result of application of the fiberoptic
DTS system is information about the heat profile of wells, thermal conductivity of the geological environment and
the impact of external changes in the thermal wells, along with the accumulation possibilities of thermal energy in the
rock mass (over-summer period).
Fiber optic rings are used for synchronization of modes and optical pulses shaping in fiber lasers. The resulting pulses
are characterized by stable amplitude and reduced chirp. The length of fiber ring is chosen so as to avoid loss of laser
light coherence. New application of optical fiber loops is their inclusion in the closed loop during their excitation by laser
light modulated by low-frequency signal and middle frequency signal. If loop also includes amplifying fiber which
covers losses incurred by couplers will thus be possible evaluated a signal delay in long loop and thus measure the length
of fiber. Reverse task is possibility to measure n1eff if we know the length of SM fiber loop. This type of designed fiber
optic oscillator consists of single-mode optical fiber SM28e in lengths of order of kilometers. This fiber is connected in a
series with erbium doped fiber that covers loop losses. Loop, which acts as an oscillator is excited by DFB lasers both at
a wavelength of 1550 nm and at wavelength of 1310 nm. The paper will demonstrated the comparison between active
and passive fiber loops and their influence to accuracy of effective refractive index measurement.
Fiber optical interferometers belong to highly sensitive equipments that are able to measure slight changes like distortion
of shape, temperature and electric field variation and etc. Their great advantage is that they are insensitive on ageing
component, from which they are composed of. It is in virtue of herewith, that there are evaluated no changes in optical
signal intensity but number interference fringes. To monitor the movement of persons, eventually to analyze the changes
in state of motion we developed method based on analysis the dynamic changes in interferometric pattern. We have used
Mach- Zehnder interferometer with conventional SM fibers excited with the DFB laser at wavelength of 1550 nm. It was
terminated with optical receiver containing InGaAs PIN photodiode. Its output was brought into measuring card module
that performs on FFT of the received interferometer signal. The signal rises with the composition of two waves passing
through single interferometer arm. The optical fiber SMF 28e in one arm is referential; the second one is positioned on
measuring slab at dimensions of 1x2m. A movement of persons over the slab was monitored, signal processed with FFT
and frequency spectra were evaluated. They rose owing to dynamic changes of interferometric pattern. The results reflect
that the individual subjects passing through slab embody characteristic frequency spectra, which are individual for
particular persons. The scope of measuring frequencies proceeded from zero to 10 KHz. It was also displayed in
experiments that the experimental subjects, who walked around the slab and at the same time they have had changed
their state of motion (knee joint fixation), embodied characteristic changes in their frequency spectra. At experiments the
stability of interferometric patterns was evaluated as from time aspects, so from the view of repeated identical
experiments. Two kinds of balls (tennis and ping-pong) were used to plot the repeatability measurements and the gained
spectra at repeated drops of balls were compared. Those stroked upon the same place and from the same elevation and
dispersion of the obtained frequency spectra was evaluated. These experiments were performed on the series of 20
repeated drops from highs of 0,5 and 1m. The evaluation of experiments displayed that the dispersion of measured
values is lower than 4%.
Photonic fiber with single mode couplers or splitters at each fiber end can be used as a sensitive structure for fiber
sensing applications. The sensitive structure is created with two DFB lasers at λ = 1550 nm. Each laser is connected to
opposite sides of photonic fiber provided with SM couplers. One DFB laser is isolated and its light goes through variable
attenuation. Isolation is necessary for DFB laser stability. The second laser is DFB or F-P laser without any isolator. Its
radiation is driven as with driven current so with DFB laser passing through photonic fiber. Small changes of DFB laser
light passing through photonic fiber activate large changes in FP laser radiation. Temperature and pressure actuating on
photonic fiber are examples of effects that are able to change properties of passing laser light. These changes can be
measured with the help of photo detector at the second arm of SM couplers. Changes in optical spectra of F-P and DFB
laser under temperature and pressure are the results.
In those days a lot of cardiological surgeries is made every day. It is a matter of very significant importance
keeping the temperature of the hearth low during the surgery because it decides whether the cells of the muscle
will die or not. The hearth is cooled by the ice placed around the hearth muscle during the surgery and
cooling liquid is injected into the hearth also. In these days the temperature is measured only in some points of
the hearth using sensors based on the pH measurements. This article describes new method for measurement
of temperature of the hearth muscle during the cardiological surgery. We use a multimode optical fiber and
distributed temperature sensor (DTS) based on the stimulated Raman scattering in temperature measurements.
This principle allows us to measure the temperature and to determine where the temperature changes during the
surgery. Resolution in the temperature is about 0.1 degrees of Celsius. Resolution in length is about 1 meter.
The resolution in length implies that the fiber must be wound to ensure the spatial resolution about 5 by 5
centimeters.
The article deals with topics about fiber optic loop, evaluation of the signals delay in the loop and in case of the first
designed arrangement measurement of the fiber length. The second task is to detect the effective refractive index n1eff of
the fiber core at the given length of loop. Author's team gradually discusses how configurations for the tasks are created.
From configuration designs is possible to build up optical fiber sensor.
Paper deals with cooperation between companies and university, especially with interactions companies and students, companies and pedagogues. At present it is possible to observe insufficient level of practical skills and knowledge among students and their pedagogues, there is no articulation for companies’ demands. We try to solve this situation with the help of pilot compartment. Its main task is to associate university teachers, graduate students and companies‘ specialists. Within the scope activities of the compartment is to prepare one or two day’s long special courses. Their mass point is focused to practical training; prepare conditions for trainee-ships dedicated to teachers and students on one side and special courses for technicians, dealers and companies’ management on the other. The main goal of this compartment is an interconnection between university education and requirements out coming from praxis. There are many ways of how to fulfill such cooperation.
Optical fiber sensors are suitable for measuring almost all magnitudes these days. This
article describes one new possible area of optical fiber sensors. These sensors use for
their function fundamentals of redistribution of power inside optical fiber. This principle
should allow constructing a very sensitive optical fiber sensor.
We designed novel optical fiber that affords utilizing of optical fiber for
telecommunications and measurement at the same time. This fiber is designed to work
on two wavelengths. This fiber works on telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm in
single mode regime and works on measurement wavelength of 850 nm in quasi-single
mode regime. The refractive index profiles of real fabricated optical fiber samples and
their development are shown in this article as well. All fiber samples were made thanks
to grant cooperation with Academy of Science of the Czech Republic.
The aim of this article is that brings new approach to utilization of optical fiber as a
sensor based on redistribution of optical power among several guided modes and to
show novel optical fiber structure design that agrees with conditions for such
operations.
The key idea of research in hybrid optical fibers is motivated by the demand of fibers, which
could be used as a medium for telecommunication transmission and as an optical sensor at the
same time. Every optical fiber sensor on the market has unappropriate properties for
telecommunication transmission. And, on the other hand, the convenient fibers used for
transmission are designed to be insensitive to the external influences. We have designed a fiber
with refractive index profile which preserves the telecommunication properties of the single-mode
fibers and at the same time it enables to use this fiber as a sensor on another wavelength.
Principle of this sensor is based on redistribution of the optical power between individual guided
modes.
This article shows some results from experiments on hybrid fibers in sensoric regime.
Telecommunication properties were verified by the reflectometric method. It has shown that the
fiber has attenuation camparable with commonly used single-mode fibers.
Sensors built with the help of optical fibers can measure almost all magnitudes in these days [3]. In our research we
design new novel multifunctional structures that afford concurrently utilizing of optical fiber for telecommunications and
measurements. These fibers are designed to work on two wavelengths. On telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm
these fibers are operating in single mode regime and on measurement wavelength of 850 nm they are working in quasisingle
mode regime. Complicated profiles of refractive indexes provide four LP modes on 850 nm that are supported by
fibers and that transmit a significant amount of power. First samples of these hybrid fibers have already been made
thanks to grant cooperation with Academy of Science of Czech Republic.
These refractive index profiles have to be designed in such way that all supported modes should carry approximate the
same amount of optical power. The usage of both wavelength means that the light of communication wavelength must
not be affected by the fiber activities at the wavelength of 850nm. The consequence is that only redistribution of optical
power among supported modes can be applied.
The Fourier and wavelet analysis is used to find out the significant points in the progression of the optical
power. There are changes in the Fourier spectra and changes in wavelet coefficients. From the Fourier
analysis we can predict the progression; wavelet analysis [2] enables us to find out singularities. It is
expected, that every change on the fiber has its own "fingerprint" in the redistribution of the optical power. The
main instrument is the coupled mode equations [1] following directly from the wave equations for individual modes.
They contain a detailed description of the phase and amplitude of all the modes at any point z along the waveguide. But
usually we are not interested in the phases and amplitudes of the individual modes. For the most of practical intentions, it
is sufficient to know the average of the amount of power carried by each mode. Coupled power equations for the average
mode power are derived for weak coupling between modes. It means that coupling requires a distance of 1000
wavelengths for a complete exchange of power between two modes. It is a set of finite number of first-order differential
equations with symmetric constant coefficients. Coupling to forward traveling guided modes occurs for distortion
function f(z) whose Fourier spectra are limited to spatial frequencies.
In the contribution refractive index profiles will be presented together with first camera photos analysis of such fiber
temperature sensor. Temperature crosstalk to communication wavelength of 1550nm will be also specified.
At the present time there are a lot of optical fibers used by telecommunication companies for the data
transmission. For the long-distance communications the single-mode fibers are being used for their promising
values of parameters like attenuation and dispersion. These types of fibers are designed for the purpose of data
transmission. The transmitted signal should not be affected by the external quantities. On the other side there
are many types of optical fibers used as sensors. There are used in biomedicine, aerospace etc. The sensor types
of optical fibers can not be used for data transmission because of their unappropriate values of attenuation and
dispersion.
The key idea of our research is to integrate both types of fibers into one fiber. The principle of sensing
is based on redistribution of the optical power between individual modes around the cross-section of the end
fiber-face. These fiber should preserve the significant parameters of telecommunication fibers and it should be
able to measure some external quantities at he same time. This article shows the fundamental steps which must
be done to operate the fiber as a sensor and the communication environment at the same time.
This paper brings a short view into the hybrid communication-sensing fiber analysis. Commonly used telecommunication fibers are designed to be independent of external conditions. The transmitted signal should not be influenced by the external conditions. On the other side there are optical fiber sensors which are used for detecting or measuring the external quantities. In our research we are trying to include both properties in one optical fiber.
A special type of fiber (a hybrid fiber), which preserves character of the standard communication fiber, was designed and maintained for this purpose. We use a microscope with a high-resolution camera to watch the power redistribution between individual modes at the output end of the fiber. The coupled power equations are
used to predict changes in the optical power redistribution after determination of the coupling coeffcients. The key problem is how to excite individual modes for determination of the coupling coeffcients because of a very small diameter of the fiber.
The Fourier and wavelet analysis is used to find out the significant points in the progression of the optical
power. There are changes in the Fourier spectra and changes in wavelet coeffcients. From the Fourier analysis
we can predict the progression, wavelet analysis enables us to find out singularities. It is expected, that every
change to the fiber has its own "fingerprint" in the redistribution of the optical power. So we believe that we
will be able to say, what affects the fiber, if it is heat, pressure, tension etc.
Solution of the light propagation model and applied implementation at optical mobile fibreless networks for indoors requires knowledge of the light behaviour at reflection. Except knowledge of the static directional characteristics of the reflected lights the knowledge of the dynamic behaviour is significant as well. Wall surfaces in precincts are furnished with paints containing colouring substances. Their metastable levels implicate time delay at reflections. By reason that typical life time in metastable states is about 10-3-10-6s it happens at bit rates above 1Mbit.s-1 to SNR influencing. Functional effect is the growth of bit error rate. The principal problem of the dynamic reflectance is that due to time delay on the pigments metastable levels the reflected light will influence far from bit interval that is a source of light for reflectance but within some of the resulting bit periods. Each surface with paints has a typical directional light distribution and in paper Fourier spectra for mostly used walls are presented.
Photonic crystal fibers technology provides us with new way to obtain fibers with much higher non-linearity than
conventional techniques. Upper limits of non-linear coefficients obtainable in silica-based photonic crystal fibers have
been already investigated. Unique dispersion characteristic and enhanced non-linearity make this kind of fibers an ideal
candidate for non-linear optical devices in telecommunication applications, for measurement and sensing and for
supercontinuum generation. However, there are limitations given by material properties, which obstruct us from
achieving theoretical limits of these fibers. Extremely small core and high air-filling fraction are here needed for reach
higher non-linearity, so when material properties of conventional silica restrict us, there is a requirement on a novel
matter. This could be poly-methyl metacrylate (PMMA), a common material for plastic optical fibers manufacturing.
These microstructured polymer optical fibers are a recent technology, which gives us with new possibilities in core size,
fiber geometry and related air-filling fraction. By this kind of fiber, we could be closer to ideal non-linear fiber, which is
core strain surrounded by air, than even before. But new kind of fiber brings new issues, like which effect in fiber will be
dominant or how will be coupled light affected by outer influences - and what difference will be between predicted and
real values in general. This is a large task and hopefully, there will be answer at least for a small part in this paper.
KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Signal attenuation, Fiber optics sensors, Near field optics, Single mode fibers, Fiber optic communications, Fiber optics, Temperature sensors, Telecommunications, Temperature metrology
Quasi single mode fiber is a fiber supporting a few modes only. If the operational wavelength of the light source will be
shorter than the cut-off wavelength is, then the fiber will support except fundamental mode LP01 several higher modes
too. Such fiber conserve themselves the advantageous characteristics for telecommunication application (small
attenuation, slight dispersion), but it is possible to use them for sensor-based applications utilizing the mode coupling
among several guided modes. This paper describes design of optical fiber working as a conventional telecommunication
fiber at wavelength of 1550 nm and temperature sensing fiber at the wavelength of 850 nm or 675nm. In the paper the
basic theory together with the simulation of the mode distribution will be shown temperature changes within the interval
20°C-100°C and real mode patterns of such fiber.
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