We report the optical architecture, experimental performance, and simulated performance of polarization- maintaining CW and pulsed single clad Tm-doped fiber amplifiers designed to operate over a wavelength span of 1760—1960 nm. We highlight the potential applications of these amplifiers to quantum computing and quantum qubit experiments using 1762 nm light. Our amplifier exhibits 3 W CW output power and 20 W peak pulsed output power (2 MHz rep. rate, 10% duty cycle) at 1762 nm. Measurements of the wavelength response of the TDFA yield an experimental operating bandwidth extending from < 1750 nm to > 1920 nm. Simulations of the amplifier bandwidth indicate a 3 dB (50% FWHM) wavelength span of 1745 nm to 1980 nm (135 nm). Experimental output power and bandwidth results agree well with the simulations. The external noise figure for this amplifier ranges from 7.5 dB to 9.5 dB. No linewidth broadening was observed in a typical TDFA output when using a single frequency input laser source with a linewidth of 10 kHz. We discuss suitability and applications of the TDFA to 1762 nm enabled manipulation of optical qubits in trapped 133Ba+ ions.
We demonstrate ASE pumping of rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers, fiber lasers, and broadband ASE sources. Pumping with an ASE source yields the advantages of optical-optical efficiencies comparable to conventional pumps, generation of ultra-broad-band ASE sources, and reduced low frequency noise transferred from the pump to the signal.
We present the design and experimental and simulated results for a 2050 nm band fiber amplifier with high optical-optical slope efficiency and low ion pairing, using a novel high performance single clad Ho-doped fiber from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). We report a measured optical-optical slope efficiency of 57% using 1 mW input signal power and 1860 nm pumping which we believe is the highest slope efficiency measured to date for a single clad copumped HDFA. This efficiency is linked to a low ion pairing coefficient of 4% in the doped fiber derived from our data.
Highly stable, high peak output power pulsed transmitter sources in the 2000 nm band are essential seed lasers for diverse applications such as LIDAR, ground-to-space optical communications, detection of trace gases in the atmosphere, medical applications, and pumping optical parametric oscillators and supercontinuum sources. Previous work utilizing single clad, single mode fibers has demonstrated pulsed mode operation of an optically amplified source at 2051 nm and 2090 nm with pulse widths ranging from 5–500 ns, pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) of 20–300 kHz, and peak output pulse energies of 10 μJ. In this paper, we report the design and performance of a novel nanosecond MOPA optical transmitter at a signal wavelength of 2070 nm with more than 250 W peak output power and highly stable output pulses. The seed laser is broadened using a phase modulator, to minimize the onset of optical nonlinearities such as SBS and MI and then amplified using a two-stage Ho-doped fiber amplifier (HDFA) employing 8-μm core active fiber. The amplified signal is then transmitted through a tandem arrangement with a 250 MHz acousto-optic modulator (AOM) followed by a high-speed electro-optic amplitude modulator (EOM). This pulses signal is then reamplified by a two-stage HDFA where the second stage employs a 20-μm core active fiber, which reduces the threshold for the onset of nonlinear effects such as modulation instability (MI) and four-wave mixing. We present a comparison of optical simulation results with experimental data for the medium- and large-core Ho-doped fibers in the MOPA transmitter.
We present the design and performance of novel, highly stable, broadband, packaged single mode Tm-doped and Ho-doped ASE sources in the 2000 nm spectral band. Centroid wavelengths of 1850–1900 nm are achieved for Tm-doped sources and ~2070 nm for Ho-doped sources. Measured -10 dB spectral bandwidths exceed 100 nm for the Tm-doped sources and 60 nm for the Ho-doped sources. Output powers for two stage Tm-doped sources exceed 1 W CW.
We report the results of gamma radiation testing of the performance of 1064 nm packaged butterfly single mode DFB lasers (QD Laser QLD1061) for satellite and space applications. Both passive and active tests were conducted, with measurements of output power, optical signal-to-noise-ratio (OSNR), output spectra, and polarization extinction ratio (PER) as a function of dose rates and total radiation exposure. No significant changes in laser behavior were observed for total doses up to 100 kRad.
We present the design and performance of a narrow linewidth single frequency 2039 nm distributed feedback (DFB) fiber Bragg grating (FBG) fiber laser source with a novel optical pumping configuration at 1567 nm that significantly increases optical-optical pump conversion efficiency. Our new configuration employs an optical circulator and a reflector at 1567 nm to efficiently recycle pump light that is not absorbed in the first pass through the FBG-DFB fiber laser. We report a comparison of simulations with experimental results for the novel high efficiency single frequency 2039 nm Tm-doped fiber laser source.
Coherent nanosecond pulses with high peak powers in the 2μm region are in demand for applications such as LIDAR and atmospheric sensing. In this paper we present a PM pulsed laser based on a MOPA configuration providing up to 50W of peak power. The 2039nm seed laser is a pre-amplified DFB-FBG laser with <10kHz linewidth. Nanosecond pulses produced by an acousto-optic modulator are amplified by a single booster stage amplifier using a double clad PM thulium-doped fiber. We demonstrate >10W of output peak power for 50ns pulses over repetition rates from 50kHz to 2MHz. For 4-μs pulses and a repetition rate of 50kHz, our MOPA delivers 28μJ of pulse energy.
We report the design, optical architecture, and performance of a multi-watt tunable polarization-maintaining Tm-doped fiber laser that can be tuned from 1890—2050 nm. The compact OEM laser exhibits peak fiber coupled output powers of > 3.5 W CW and a linewidth of < 0.05 nm. Data as a function of output wavelength are presented for the output spectrum, output power, OSNR, and long term power stability.
We report the design and performance of Holmium-doped fiber amplifiers (HDFAs) with novel alternative in-band pump wavelengths in the 1720—2000 nm spectral region. We demonstrate through simulations that pump wavelengths of 1840—1860 nm can yield significantly improved output power (3—6 dB), gain (8—10 dB) , and optical-optical conversion efficiency compared to the previous technical and industry standard pump wavelength of 1940 nm. Experimental results fully confirm our simulations.
Current progress in infrared LIDAR, atmospheric sensing, and DWDM transmission system experiments highlights the need for large bandwidth, high dynamic range polarization-maintaining (PM) optical amplifiers in the 1900 nm—2100 nm band [1—6]. Amplifiers that can operate efficiently near the high wavelength end of this band at 2090—2100 nm are particularly attractive for many emerging applications. In this paper we present the first simulated and experimental results for a newly developed miniature packaged Ho-doped fiber amplifier that is optimized for operation at 2090—2100 nm and employs high performance single clad PM Hodoped fiber (iXblue IXF-HDF-PM-8-125). Our goal in building a packaged PM Holmium-doped fiber amplifier (HDFA) at 2100 nm is to provide a miniaturized device with output powers of > 200 mW CW, high small signal gain, low noise figure, and large OSNR that can be used in many applications as a versatile wideband preamplifier or power booster amplifier. Our novel miniature HDFA package, shown in the photograph of Figure 1, has dimensions of 97 × 78 × 15 mm3, incorporates full pump control electronics, and communicates via an RS232 interface. The device is fully isolated against external and internal reflections and employs FC/APC connectors for the input and output ports.
2 μm high power and high performance amplifiers are needed for applications such as LIDAR, remote sensing, and WDM transmission systems. In this paper we report the experimental evaluation of the performance of multistage multiwatt optical amplifiers using a high performance PM single clad Tm-doped fiber. Our amplifier exhibits a large dynamic range ( > 25 dB), a saturated output power > 2 W at 1909 nm, an optical bandwidth from 1875 to 2000 nm, a low noise figure (< 6 dB), a large OSNR (> 50 dB), and a PER > 20 dB.
Recent developments in LIDAR, atmospheric sensing, and WDM transmission system experiments highlight the need for large bandwidth, high dynamic range polarization-maintaining (PM) optical amplifiers in the 1.9—2.1 μm band. While some results for all-double-clad PM amplifier designs have been presented, single clad PM amplifiers are particularly attractive in these applications because of their potential for high gain and low noise figures approaching the quantum limit. There is also a strong and growing need for need for compact and rugged amplifiers to boost modest (1 mW CW) semiconductor laser source output powers in a space/satellite environment. In this paper, we report first experimental results for a newly developed single clad PM Thulium-doped fiber with the parameters shown in Table 1 below and an optical signal bandwidth of < 120 nm, and then present performance of a miniature packaged optical amplifier using this new fiber.
New developments in LIDAR and atmospheric sensing experiments highlight the need for studies of the optical bandwidth and wavelength dependence of multi-watt, large bandwidth, high dynamic range polarization-maintaining optical amplifiers in the 2—2.1 μm band. Recently we have demonstrated a hybrid single clad-double clad Tm-doped fiber amplifier with greater than 20 W output and a dynamic range of <20 dB in the 2 μm band, and a <25W output PM hybrid HDFA/TDFA with a dynamic range of 34 dB. Both demonstrations were carried out at a single input wavelength of 2051 nm. In this paper we extend our experimental studies to the signal wavelength dependence of a PM hybrid HDFA/TDFA with a single clad Hodoped preamplifier [4-7] and a double clad Tm-doped power amplifier. We have studied the performance of the amplifier from 2004 to 2108 nm, and in this paper, we report first experimental results for this wavelength region. We find that our hybrid Ho-Tm-doped design provides a PM fiber amplifier with a combination of large output optical signal-to-noise ratio, broad operating bandwidth, and high Pout of 28.5 W at λs = 2069 nm.
Current developments in LIDAR and atmospheric sensing experiments highlight the need for multi-watt, large bandwidth, high dynamic range polarization-maintaining optical amplifiers in the eye safe 1.9—2.15 μm band. So far, as an illustration of the previous state of the art for high power devices, multi-watt Tm-doped fiber amplifiers (TDFAs) have been demonstrated by Goodno et al. with an output power of 608 W at a signal wavelength of 2040 nm. As for Ho-doped fiber amplifiers (HDFAs) Hemming et al. have reported output powers of 265 W at 2110 nm. For this HDFA, a double clad Ho-doped fiber pumped by high power fiber lasers made the configuration complex and yielded an optical slope efficiency of 41%. Both of these achievements were with standard (non-polarization-maintaining) fiber.
We present a kW level pulsed laser based on a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration. The directly modulated single frequency laser at 1952 nm was pulsed in the nanosecond regime with a repetition rate frequency from 10 kHz to 2 MHz. The MOPA topology was based on a two stage amplifier using single clad Thulium-doped fiber: it consisted of a pre-amplifier stage followed by a booster stage. We investigated the performance of this pulsed laser for two different TDFs with different saturating energies in the booster stage. The direct modulation allowed us to demonstrate more than 1 kW of output peak power over pulse repetition frequencies from 10 kHz to 500 kHz. For a pulse duration of 21 ns, we measured output energy of 13 μJ and 29 μJ for booster fiber saturating energies of 15 μJ and 30 μJ, respectively.
We report the experimental performance and simulation of a multiwatt two-stage TDFA using an L-band (1567 nm) shared pump source. We focus on the behavior of the amplifier for the parameters of output power Pout, gain G, noise figure NF, signal wavelength λs, and dynamic range. We measure the spectral performance of the TDFA for three specific wavelengths (λs= 1909, 1952, and 2004 nm) chosen to cover the low-, mid-, and upper-wavelength operating regions of the wideband amplifier. We also compare the performance of the two-stage shared pump TDFA with a one stage shared pump amplifier. Experimental results are in good agreement with simulation.
We report the performance of a two stage single clad (SC) Thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA), delivering an output power of 5 W at 1952 nm without stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) for a single-frequency input signal. A slope efficiency greater than 60 %, a signal gain greater than 60 dB and an input dynamic range > 30 dB are achieved. The amplifier topology was optimized with a modelization tool of the SC TDFA performance: experimental results and simulations are in good agreement.
We report the design, experimental performance, and simulation of a single stage, co- and counter-pumped Tmdoped fiber amplifier (TDFA) in the 2 μm signal wavelength band with an optimized 1567 nm shared pump source. We investigate the dependence of output power, gain, and efficiency on pump coupling ratio and signal wavelength. Small signal gains of >50 dB, an output power of 2 W, and small signal noise figures of <3.5 dB are demonstrated. Simulations of TDFA performance agree well with the experimental data. We also discuss performance tradeoffs with respect to amplifier topology for this simple and efficient TDFA.
A simple engineering design is important for achieving high Thulium-doped amplifier (TDFA) performance such as good power conversion, low noise figure (NF), scalable output power, high gain, and stable operation over a large dynamic range. In this paper we report the design, performance, and simulation of two stage high-power 1952 nm hybrid single and double clad TDFAs. The first stage of our hybrid amplifier is a single clad design, and the second stage is a double clad design. We demonstrate TDFAs with an output power greater than 20 W with single-frequency narrow linewidth (i.e. MHz) input signals at both 1952 and 2004 nm. An optical 10 dB bandwidth of 80 nm is derived from the ASE spectrum. The power stage is constructed with 10 μm core active fibers showing a maximum optical slope efficiency greater than 50 %. The experimental results lead to a 1 dB agreement with our simulation tool developed for single clad and double clad TDFAs. Overall this hybrid amplifier offers versatile features with the potential of much higher output power.
The 1620-1700 nm region of the optical spectrum is important as it contains numerous molecular resonance lines of chemical species. We have investigated, theoretically and experimentally, the possibility of designing an efficient tunable wavelength converter (WC) based on a fiber OPA, to generate high-power in that range, by mixing radiation generated by C- and L-band fiber amplifiers.
We have theoretically investigated the possibility of obtaining strong pump depletion in a one-pump fiber OPA, and of maintaining high conversion efficiency as the signal is tuned over a wide range. We have shown analytically that strong pump depletion can be obtained over a broad tuning range, when the signal input power is about one half of the pump input power.
In experiments with a 40-m long highly-nonlinear fiber (HNLF) we have generated 900 mW of CW output power at 1665 nm, when pumping with 3W at 1612nm and 0.82W at 1562nm. The optical conversion efficiency was 23%, and the linewidth was less than 0.1 nm. To our knowledge this is the highest CW output power reported to date for a fiber OPA WC. We have also obtained similar output characteristics at 1684 nm, demonstrating the tunability of the device, which can in principle be tuned over the 1662-1697 nm region by tuning the signal wavelength over the C-band (1535 to 1565 nm). We anticipate that the output power can be scaled to higher powers.
We describe the design and performance of single pump 980 nm pre and post Er3+ doped fiber amplifiers plug-in modules. We demonstrate the potential and robustness of these amplifiers in a 980 nm-based rack mounted repeaterless 5 Gb/s system with a 54 dB optical power margin system. Excellent long term bit error ratio measurements (< 10-14) are reported for various system configurations. In particular, error free transmission is obtained with suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering through 60 km of non-dispersion fiber.
We present an efficient and compact (5 X 10 X 1.8 cm3) Er:doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) module pumped with a 980 nm laser diode. We showed that this EDFA module is capable of operating with optimum gain and noise performance over a 30 nm bandwidth at 1550 nm, and with low electrical consumption (less than 100 mW). Using the EDFA as a rack mounted preamplifier module in a 2.5 Gbit/s direct detection system experiment, we achieved a -38.5 dBm receiver sensitivity at 10-10 bit error rate, and demonstrated long term operation (BER of 6.10-14) of the overall system.
We investigated the gain and noise figure dependence on signal wavelength for erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) counter-pumped at 980 nm. Using a two level modeling technique, we found a good agreement between our experimental measurements and the corresponding theoretical predictions for EDFAs operating under or far from full population inversion. Finally, we describe design trade-offs between small signal gain and noise figure for a range of active fiber length EDFAs at wavelengths of 1531 nm and 1548 nm.
Yong-Kwan Park, Jean-Marc Delavaux, Robert Tench, Terry Cline, Liang Tzeng, Chien-yu Kuo, Earl Wagner, Carlos Flores, Peter Van Eijk, T. Pleiss, S. Barski, B. Owen, YihJye Twu, Niloy Dutta, Richard Riggs, Kinichiro Ogawa
Research and development effort on a field deployable coherent lightwave system at Bell Laboratories is reviewed. Detailed features and design of a 1 . 7 Gb/s FSK single filter heterodyne detection system and its performance in a one-month transmission field trial are described. Long distance transmission experiments of such a system with Er-doped fiber amplifiers at 1 . 7 Gb/s and 2. 5 Gb/s are presented. I.
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