A multi-beam optical beamforming network with low loss is proposed based on the integrated arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). By using the diffraction effect of AWG, the optical multiple beamforming architecture is reduced significantly since the true time delays for different wavelength can be realized simply by employing only one module. The 3 channels of 88 AWG for dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) with low loss is fabricated successfully, and then the integrated optical multiple beamformer for eight-element is demonstrated. Experimental results show that the insertion loss for each beamformer is reduced to 5.64 dB. Furthermore, the number of simultaneous beamformer achieves to be 4, which could cover the airspace from -36° to 18°.
Graphene has become a promising nonlinear optical medium due to its ultra-high nonlinear coefficients and tight light mode confinement ability. By optimizing the geometry parameters, a 3.9-mm-long graphene-covered silicon ridge waveguide is demonstrated, resulting in a maximum bandwidth of 498 nm and a peak conversion efficiency of -15.2 dB in mid-infrared band, with the pump power of 1 W. The results in this article show that graphene has unparalleled potential in the field of nonlinear optics.
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