KEYWORDS: Cameras, Hyperspectral imaging, Sensors, Standards development, Data acquisition, Point spread functions, Crosstalk, Signal to noise ratio, Data storage, Spectral response, Optical resolution
Hyperspectral cameras are optical instruments that are designed for capturing spatial information from a scene in such a way that each pixel contains the spectrum of the corresponding small scene area. One of the important factors when assessing camera performance, is the amount of spatial and spectral information in the acquired hyperspectral data. Traditionally, these are directly communicated to users as spatial pixel count and spectral band count. However, depending on the width of the sampling point spread function (SPSF) and of the spectral response function (SRF), the amount of acquired information may be significantly different for two cameras – even if the specified pixel and band counts are the same. As a better indication of the amount of acquired information, the authors suggest using two new specifications in the camera specification sheet: equivalent pixel count (EPC) and equivalent band count (EBC). Both specifications are derived from an optical resolution criterion such as full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the SPSF and SRF. With the pixel count being a universally known and intuitive concept, and FWHM being a well-established resolution criterion, EPC and EBC specifications would allow for a quick and easy comparison between cameras with significantly different degree of optical blur, pixel count, and band count. EBC and EPC are drafted to be included in the upcoming standard dedicated to hyperspectral imaging devices. The standard is currently being finalized by P4001 working group, sponsored by the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society standards committee.
The IEEE Standards Association Project 4001 (P4001) has worked since 2018 to create a standard that covers a range of unmet needs in the field of hyperspectral imaging. Now in its final stages of review, the P4001 standard is the result of the collective work of a large group comprising a significant fraction of the hyperspectral community. The formal scope of the P4001 standard is hyperspectral imaging in the reflective domain (0.25 to 2.5 micrometer wavelength) using cameras which record at least 30 bands, based on four of the most common camera architectures. A main part of the standard is a set of characteristics covering the spatial, spectral, radiometric, temporal, coregistration, stray light, and imperfection aspects of camera performance. The set of characteristics covers several aspects where current practices have been inadequate including resolution, light collection, and coregistration. The characteristics are defined as physical quantities that are thus not tied to particular test procedures. However, the P4001 standard will incorporate a set of recommended testing procedures based on commonly available test equipment. The P4001 standard also defines a set of camera-related metadata aiming to provide information that can support extraction of reliable and accurate information from images, including information about noise, distortions, and uncertainties. Three notional use cases are defined in the standard representing machine vision, laboratory, and geoscience applications. The standard mandates different sets of characteristics and metadata for P4001-compliant specifications and image data respectively. The P4001 standard will undergo formal reviews during 2023 and is expected to be published in its first version at the end of the year.
The P4001 standard defines characteristics for hyperspectral camera performance. The standard will also include guidelines for measurement of these characteristics. The ambition to give a complete set of performance characteristics tends to require an extensive set of tests. An important aspect of the work is therefore to devise test protocols that are time efficient and have moderate requirements on the test equipment. Work is underway to define tests for radiometric performance, co-registration, spatial and spectral resolution, as well as stray light. The complete set of tests can be carried out using four test setups. These test methods, according to the current draft, will be outlined.
The IEEE P4001 group is developing a new standard for hyperspectral imaging. A central part of the work is to define a standardized way to specify hyperspectral cameras. P4001 aims to define a complete description of the camera as a "black box", i.e. without referencing camera internals such as f-number. The aim is to use characteristics that are welldefined physical quantities, and which capture all important aspects of performance, in some cases with a tradeoff to avoid the need for excessive testing equipment or effort. The characteristics apply to the most widely used camera architectures based on dispersive spectrometers or tunable filters.
Hyperspectral images are ultimately analyzed by users for specific applications. Metadata supplied with the images are critical to enable the user to extract full information from the data. An important part of IEEE P4001 Hyperspectral Standard is therefore to define metadata, which will be physics-informed and related to the camera characteristics. With metadata such defined, it will for example be possible for a user to estimate signaldependent noise in the images. Different applications will require different levels of metadata. P4001 therefore defines notional use cases for machine vision, laboratory, and Geospatial Imaging, in order of increasing need for metadata. P4001 will define required and optional metadata for these use cases.
Hyperspectral imaging has over the last thirty years developed into a power analytical tool for the determination of chemical and other properties. As a result, there has been strong development in both the design of spectral cameras and in the applications for which they are used. This has led to a diversity in the way fundamental instrument performances are characterized, reported, and understood. As a result, this makes it difficult to compare instruments for applicationspecific needs, or for commercial market needs. In 2018, the IEEE P4001 group was formed to facilitate the development of a standard to unify the use of terminology, spectral camera characterization methods, and the meta-data structures that are needed to represent spectral camera performance. This talk provides an update on the work to date, and the significant progress made towards the first draft of the standard.
The goal of the P4001 Terminology Subgroup was to collate and define physics-based terminology in order to establish methods for testing and calibration that accurately convey product specifications. Written definitions and well-defined equations (where possible) that objectively and unambiguously define these terms is critical for success.
Initial work has focused on collating terms for review. In order to align with the efforts of the Characterization & Testing Subgroup, the terms are divided into four categories:
Spectral Terminology
Spatial Terminology
Signal/Radiometric Terminology
System and Operational Terminology.
In 2018 the IEEE P4001 working was formed from industry specialists to facilitate consistent use of terminology, characterisation methods and data structures. This talk is a progress report to inform the hyperspectral community of the status of the work to date, the interconnection with other standards and outline the roadmap towards completion of the first draft of the standard for voting in early 2022.
This paper describes the development of a specially designed multi-modal microscope system that provides hyperspectral imaging from 300 to 1,700nm with a spatial resolution as high as 1µm in each of its optical measurement modes, i.e. reflectance, transmission, luminescence, and polarisation. The microscope system is fully automated and can handle large area samples from forensic tape-lifts. Demonstration of performance using tape-lift evidence samples that were seeded and studied to mimic real-life crime evidence collections at scene will be shown
Hyperspectral imaging is an innovative and exciting technology that holds incredible diagnostic, scientific and categorization power. Current industry innovation is a testament to the creative power and imagination of the diverse community seeking to optimize this technology. However, fundamental instrument performance is not consistently well characterized, well understood or well represented to suit distinct application endeavors or commercial market expectations. Establishing a common language, technical specification, testing criteria, task-specific recommendations and common data formats are essential to allowing this technology to achieve its true altruistic and economic market potential. In 2018 the IEEE P4001 was formed to facilitate consistent use of terminology, characterization methods and data structures. This talk is a progress report to inform the hyperspectral community of the status of the work to date, the interconnection with other standards and outline the roadmap.
Hyper-spectral imaging is an innovative and exciting technology that holds incredible diagnostic, scientific and categorization power. However, fundamental instrument performance is not consistently well characterized, well understood or well represented to suit distinct application endeavors or commercial market expectations. Establishing a common language, technical specification, testing criteria, task-specific recommendations and common data formats are essential to allowing this technology to achieve its true altruistic and economic market potential. In 2018 the IEEE P4001 was formed to facilitate consistent use of terminology, characterization methods and data structures. This talk is a progress report to inform the hyper-spectral community of the status of the work-to-date, the interconnection with other standards and outline the road map for future work until publication of the standards in 2022.
Hyperspectral imaging is an innovative and exciting technology that holds incredible diagnostic, scientific and categorization power. Current industry innovation is a testament to the creative power and imagination of the diverse community seeking to optimize this technology. However, fundamental instrument performance is not consistently well characterized, well understood or well represented to suit distinct application endeavors or commercial market expectations. Establishing a common language, technical specification, testing criteria, task-specific recommendations and common data formats are essential to allowing this technology to achieve its true altruistic and economic market potential. In 2018 the IEEE P4001 was formed to facilitate consistent use of terminology, characterization methods and data structures. This talk is a progress report to inform the hyperspectral community of the status of the work to date, the interconnection with other standards and outline the roadmap.
KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Statistical modeling, Lenses, Seaborgium, Imaging spectroscopy, Calibration, Chemical analysis, Near infrared, Hyperspectral imaging, Data acquisition, Material characterization, Quantitative analysis
Recently, spectral imaging techniques such as Multispectral (MSI) and Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) have gained importance in the field of heritage conservation. This paper explores the analytical robustness of quantitative chemical imaging for Islamic paper characterization by focusing on the effect of different measurement and processing parameters, i.e. acquisition conditions and calibration on the accuracy of the collected spectral data. This will provide a better understanding of the technique that can provide a measure of change in collections through imaging. For the quantitative model, special calibration target was devised using 105 samples from a well-characterized reference Islamic paper collection. Two material properties were of interest: starch sizing and cellulose degree of polymerization (DP). Multivariate data analysis methods were used to develop discrimination and regression models which were used as an evaluation methodology for the metrology of quantitative NIR chemical imaging. Spectral data were collected using a pushbroom HSI scanner (Gilden Photonics Ltd) in the 1000-2500 nm range with a spectral resolution of 6.3 nm using a mirror scanning setup and halogen illumination. Data were acquired at different measurement conditions and acquisition parameters. Preliminary results showed the potential of the evaluation methodology to show that measurement parameters such as the use of different lenses and different scanning backgrounds may not have a great influence on the quantitative results. Moreover, the evaluation methodology allowed for the selection of the best pre-treatment method to be applied to the data.
In Astronomy field, grisms or transmission gratings replicated on a prism are widely used to transmit in line the spectrum. To work in the infrared range, classical grisms present important limitations: the epoxy layer, necessary for replication, absorbs IR light, and in addition this layer constitutes a problem when instrument is used at low temperature.
Jobin-Yvon company, in collaboration with LAM in Marseille, France, designed and manufactured a transmission grating engraved directly into IR fused silica substrate. The transmission efficiency of the manufactured grating is 60% to 70% in natural light over the 1.5 to 2.5 microns wavelength range.
The number of grooves was 400 g/mm.
Other wavelength ranges are possible with similar efficiency, for example: 1.0 to 1.4 microns or 1.4 to 1.9 microns.
This grating made only only of fused silica, will survive without problem at any low or very low temperature, or vacuum environment.
High groove density reflection gratings placed at grazing incidence in the extreme off-plane mount offer increased performance over conventional in-plane mounts in the x-ray. We present initial off-plane efficiency test results from the grating evaluation facility at the University of Colorado. The test gratings are holographically ruled, ion-etched gratings with radial groove profiles that were developed and fabricated by Jobin-Yvon Inc.
The luminescence emission of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) generated by bacteriopheophytin a, a near infrared emitting photosensitizer, was measured using a new high sensitivity spectrometer system for time and spectral resolved near infrared detection. The instrument uses a low energy pulsed nitrogen laser (40 (mu) J per pulse) to optically excite the photosensitizer and is capable of a time resolution of 40 ns per data point and an instrument response function of 350 ns FWHM (full width at half maximum). The use of a low energy (and relatively low cost) source provides sufficient system sensitivity to measure time resolved spectra in the near infrared with high spectral and temporal resolution. The simultaneous detection, with high accuracy and repeatability, of both the temporal and spectral dependence of the photo-processes of 1O2 generation, especially with near infrared emitting photosensitizers, may further stimulate the current intensive investigations concerning the activity of 1O2 to bio-molecules.
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