Commercial and military free space communication needs are growing at a remarkable pace. The requirements for free space data transfer have increased as the technology increased, and now engineers are considering higher frequency bands for free space, including W/V, millimeter wave and optical bands. Laser communications can offer much higher data rates than traditional radio frequency (RF) systems and have the added advantage of not being regulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This along with typical hardware being much smaller in size, weight and power (SWaP) make optical communications a desirable solution for high-rate communication systems. W/V band systems also have the advantage of higher data rates and less frequency congestion than traditional RF systems, as well as the advantages of being able to link through clouds. As the need for “data on demand” increases, the likelihood of users moving to systems that can switch between multiple radios (hybrid systems) is very high. Today, multiple users in both commercial and government sectors are looking to integrate both laser communication (lasercom) and RF solutions onto their platforms. The goal of this work is to utilize a pre-trained Alexnet Convolution Neural Net (CNN) on Doppler radar and GOES satellite imagery to make decisions on which a hybrid system will provide the highest performance differing atmospheric conditions. This method can be scaled for any terrestrial or space-based system.
The Space Development Agency (SDA) is developing the Proliferated Warfare Space Architecture (PWSA) – a constellation of hundreds of satellites in low earth orbit delivering space-based capabilities to the joint warfighter. The PWSA is a mesh network of optically connected satellites providing low-latency data transport and missile warning/tracking capabilities. SDA capitalizes on a unique business model that values speed and lowers costs by harnessing commercial development. The Optical Communications Terminal (OCT) standard was created to provide optical interoperability specifications, enable a strong marketplace, and to drive advancements in optical communication capabilities to terrestrial, maritime, and airborne warfighting elements. As part of the spiral development process, the OCT standard evolves with PWSA deployment phases. SDA has incorporated feedback as well as advancements to the OCT standard, resulting in the release of version 3.1.0. In this paper we discuss key aspects of the OCT standard, such as wavelength, modulation, data rates, polarization, link distance, error correction coding, pointing, acquisition and tracking, and position, navigation, and timing.
The DARPA Space-Based Adaptive Communications Node (Space-BACN) optical terminal will be a low-cost reconfigurable optical intersatellite link (OISL) terminal capable of supporting up to 100 Gbps low-earth-orbit (LEO) links. Rapid and reliable pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) is critical to OISL performance, especially in cross-plane LEO links, where contacts can be short. The Space-BACN optical terminal will demonstrate a novel reconfigurable acquisition implementation, which can be dynamically configured to operate in one of three acquisition modes: in-band, out-of-band, and synthesized beacon. Here, we review the features, implementation, performance analysis, and verification approaches for each of the three acquisition modes.
The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is developing and extending a model of the boundary layer that takes, as input,
common atmospheric measurements and ground condition parameters, and predicts key parameters of optical turbulence
such as strength and inner scale. In order to anchor the model, a field campaign is also being conducted. The campaign will
include co-located meteorological instruments and an open loop Hartmann wavefront sensor. Here, a portion of the
boundary layer model is discussed: that relevant for the daytime surface layer. A sensitivity analysis of input parameters is
presented.
Micro-Electro-Machined Systems (MEMS) have been increasingly used as mirrors in place of conventional continuous
face sheet deformable mirrors (DM) in adaptive optics (AO) systems. Here we study the diffraction effects
introduced into the optical path when a segmented MEMS DM is used to correct for the wavefront aberrations.
Diffraction effects are monitored through the intermediate focus plane prior to the wavefront sensor. Low pass
spatial filter is used at that plane in order to investigate how the masking of various diffraction orders affects
the phase. Measured phase and focal image plane data for various turbulence conditions are presented and
analyzed.
The ASALT lab has been investigating the use of a segmented MEMS
DM in adaptive optics systems. One of the anticipated benefits of a segmented device
is that in monochromatic light the throw is essentially infinite due to the modulo
2π nature of the device. Earlier work demonstrated how this modulo 2π behavior interacts
unexpectedly with a standard proportional integral controller. Here we present
experimental data on this effect to include the testbed on which the data was taken and
the methodology used to measure the effect.
The conventional adaptive-optics (AO) system configuration consisting of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor
using the Fried geometry is prone to an unsensed waffle mode because of an inability to have discrete point
reconstruction of the phase at the actuator positions. Techniques that involve filtering and/or projecting out the
waffle mode in the reconstructor have been shown to be effective at not allowing the unwanted mode to occur,
but come at the cost of also omitting relevant high frequency content from the measured phase. This paper
analyzes a technique of sensing the waffle mode in the deformable mirror commands and applying a spatial filter
to those commands in order to mitigate for the waffle mode. Directly spatially filtering the deformable mirror
commands gives the benefit of maintaining the reconstruction of high frequency phase of interest while having
the ability to alleviate for the waffle pattern when it arises.
This paper is the 3rd in a series of papers discussing characterization of a Micro-Electrical-Mechanical-System (MEMS)
deformable mirror in adaptive optics. Here we present a comparison between a conventional adaptive optics system
using a Xinetics continuous face sheet deformable mirror with that of segmented MEMS deformable mirror. We
intentionally designed the optical layout to mimic that of a conventional adaptive optics system. We present this initial
optical layout for the MEMS adaptive optics system and discuss problems incurred with implementing such a layout;
also presented is an enhanced optical layout that partially addresses these problems. Closed loop Strehl highlighting the
two systems will be shown for each case as well. Finally the performances of both conventional adaptive optics and the
MEMS adaptive optics system is presented for a range of adaptive optics parameters pertinent to astronomical adaptive
optics leading to a discussion of the possible implication of introducing a MEMS adaptive optics system into the science
community.
The use of a laser guidestar (LGS) for the purpose of a beacon in an adaptive-optics (AO) system is prone to
perspective elongation effects on the spots of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The elongated spots can
vary in size over the subapertures and affect the gradient sensitivity of the sensor. The Air Force Research
Laboratory (AFRL) has developed a LGS model that outputs gradient gains which represent the effects of an
extended beacon on the spots for a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. This paper investigates the application
of these gains in an experimental setup in order to both analyze the effects of the variation in those gains due to
spot size elongation and to measure the impact on the performance of an AO system.
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