In various metamaterials, surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) play important roles to produce novel electromagnetic
functions through the field enhancement, the dispersion modification, and the frequency tunability. Here, we apply the
function of the SPP to a color 3D image display with white-light back-illumination. We reconstructed the color image
from a hologram with white-light by using SPP. The hologram is recorded as corrugations of a silver film, which is
covered by a SiO2 film to modify the color dispersion of the SPP. A single-color light in the white-light is separated as
the SPP owing to the color dispersion. The SPP is diffracted by the hologram to reconstruct the three dimensional wavefront
with the selected color. To obtain a multi-color image, RGB-color holograms are recorded with azimuthal-angle
multiplex and are reconstructed simultaneously. The silver is used as the metal film so that the SPP of whole visible
region can be excited. The silver film is 55-nm thickness, in which the SPP is excited efficiency. The SiO2 film enhances
color selectivity, but if its thickness overs 25-nm, SPP in high optical frequency such as blue vanishes. Corrugation depth
is up to 25-nm, within which brightness of the image monotonically increases with the depth. If the depth overs the 25-nm, the brightness is decreased. The SPP on the corrugated silver surface and SiO2 film have made color selectivity to a
thin hologram. The SPP color holography gives a new white-light reconstruction technique using back-lighting.
Image formation in phase shifting digital holography is discussed by developing analytical formulation based on the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction theory. Position of image plane and imaging magnification are derived. The influences of discrete sampling of the interference patterns by a CCD and numerical reconstruction on qualities of point images are investigated. Dependencies of the point images on the ratio of the minimum fringe spacing to pixel pitch of the CCD are numerically analyzed.
An on-machine measuring system based on the use of an LTP optical head was developed to accurately measure the slope error and profile error of long parts just after machining. Cylindrical surfaces can be measured completely by steering the beam up the sides of the cylinder with a rotatable mirror. To increase the reliability to measure the cylindrical surfaces, the optical system of the LTP head was improved. A personal computer collects all the data and controls the machine positioning and the beam steering mirror automatically.
Surface shape and deformation measurement by phase-shifting digital holography using an imaging setup is presented. The differences of the reconstructed phases before and after tilt of the illumination beams and object deformation provide the contour lines of the surface height and deformation, respectively. Suppression of speckle noise and comparisons between experiments and calculation are discussed.
KEYWORDS: Digital holography, Phase shifts, Digital imaging, Imaging systems, Speckle, Interferometry, 3D image reconstruction, Charge-coupled devices, Mirrors, 3D image processing
Measurement of shape and deformation of diffusely reflecting surfaces by phase-shifting digital holography is presented that uses an imaging setup. The difference of the reconstructed phases before and after tilt of the object illumination beam provides the contour lines of the surface height, while that before and after object deformation delivers those of object displacement. This method enables measurements of both surface shape and deformation of 3D object of various sizes with the same optical system and the processing software. Suppression of speckle noise is also discussed.
We have realized an accurate step height measurement by using the wavelength scanning interferometry combined with phase- shifting technique. It is based on detection of phase variation slope along the wavenumber axis at each pixel of a CCD camera taking a number of interferograms at different wavelengths and phases. By using a tunable laser diode with wavelength-scanning range of approximately 8 nm, a height deviation of sub-micrometer could be measured by using a PZT phase-shifter. This technique was applied to a height gauging of the gold bump array.
An active two-beam interferometer has been developed which locks fringes in the presence of external perturbations such as vibration and air flow and enables measurement on an unstabilized table. Movement of carriered fringes caused by the perturbations are detected by a spatial filtering detector whose output signal is fed back to injection current of a laser diode to compensate for path variations by the resulting wavelength shift. The video image of the fringes is supplied to a real time fringe analyzer which delivers the phase distribution at the video rate. The analyzer is based on electronic moire principle for simultaneous generation of three phase shifted fringe patterns. The results from a spherical mirror of 130 mm- diameter have shown good coincidence in spherical errors with that obtained from measurement on an optical bench. Only its repeatability proved to be worse by 1.7 times.
A nonlinear spatial filtering based on light-induced birefringence change in dye-doped liquid crystals has been applied to defect inspection of periodic structure. Photoisomer- ization of azo-dye molecules leads to local reorientation of the liquid-crystal molecules, by which polarization of the transmitted light is modulated depending on the incident light intensity. By selecting suitable polarization of the transmitted light, a self-aligned spatial filtering is realized. The filtering performances have been experimentally investigated.
A fringe analyzer has been developed which delivers phase distribution from an interference pattern having carrier fringes at the video rate. It is based on the generation of three phase- shifted moire fringe patterns through electronic multiplication with computer generated reference patterns having mutual phase shifts and subsequent phase calculation. After the principle and specifications of the analyzer are presented, applications to feedback control of a liquid crystal spatial phase modulator, measurements of large mirrors using synthetic aperture interferometry, and active phase shifting speckle interferometry are reported.
It is generally difficult to perform interferometric measurements of surface shape or deformation outside optical benches because fringes are blurred by external perturbations such as mechanical vibration or air turbulence. For overcoming this we have developed active interferometers, in which fringes are stabilized by detecting their movement induced by the perturbations and feeding back the signal to a piezoelectric mirror of the interferometer. We also extend the system to an active phase-shifting speckle interferometer by which the correlation fringes are shifted under feedback control for automatic analysis. Examples of deformation measurement under air turbulence are presented.
A novel technique for enhancing the time-average ESPI vibration fringes is presented in this paper. The technique is based on the use of wavelength modulation of a laser diode which is adopted in the interferometer as a coherent laser source. The wavelength modulation of the laser diode gives rise to both the additional phase shift and the speckle decorrelation by which the time-average ESPI vibration fringe quality is improved.
A compact optical displacement sensor is reported which is based on the light undulation caused by the optical feedback on a frequency modulated laser diode. For applying this effect to the metrology, the relationship between the feedback rate and the oscillation behavior of the laser diode was investigated experimentally. As the result, it was found that the higher order of the output undulation could be suppressed by keeping the feedback rate low, and displacement measurement was performed with a resolution of 25 nm for the target distance between a few cm and 30 cm. In addition, an improved current modulation scheme for a laser diode as well as a new signal processing techniques for improving the performance is reported. As a further application, this sensor system was extended for precise measurement of two-dimensional displacement by utilizing a spherical retro-reflector.
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