Terahertz Quantum Cascade lasers are very versatile sources of terahertz radiation. Frequency comb operation, surface emitting arrays, external cavity tuning have been demonstrated. For all these implementations broadband gain is strongly demanded. The intersubband gain mechanism allows to the design of different wavelength active region and their integration in the same waveguide. We have developed active regions consisting of up to four different intersubband designs. To enable a common operation not only the gain curve needs to be aligned over all sections but also the alignment electric field and subsequently the operating current. Fabry-Perot devices fabricated from the four-section active region show lasing over more than one octave. Ring resonators show also broadband laser operation and comb formation. Broadband operation is a large advantage of random lasers which we turn into useful devices by an optical machine learning approach. This allows the control of the emission wavelength beyond discrete cavity modes.
Ring resonators are interesting alternative cavity solutions to the commonly used ridge type waveguide for THz Quantum Cascade lasers. They either support a standing wave pattern showing spatial hole burning if there are defects implemented or a traveling mode in a defect-free cavity. We have fabricated two devices structures. The first one is episide-up with bonding pads. The measurements show a complex behavior of comb-formation most probably influenced by spatial hole burning. The second structure is a pure ring mounted episode down on Si-substrate. This structure shows a totally different comb formation as well as much reduced threshold currents.
The study of high Al containing barriers in Terahertz Quantum Cascade lasers has led to the improvement of operation temperature and of the quantum efficiency. This is mainly caused by the reduction of transport channels through higher states. In consequence, the electron transport in these new devices is dominated by photon assisted tunneling. The originating non-linearity provides a huge potential for different operation modes. We try to further study this by coupling distributed QCL devices on a chip which has led to the observation of bi-stable operation and THz switching. We use the non-linear behavior for the control of the emission spectra of surface emitting random laser structures. Furthermore, ring structures can be realized which can be tuned from single mode to frequency comb operation.
We report on high performance Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers with InGaAs and GaAs active regions. Modified doping profiles derived from symmetric structures allowed achieving record output powers of double metal InGaAs/InAlAs THz Quantum Cascade Lasers. The increase of the Al concentration of the barriers in GaAs/AlGaAs devices helped to increase the operating temperature to above 191 K while keeping the threshold current low. This has enabled laser operation by thermoelectric cooling which is very important for application. We demonstrate laser wavelength switching by magnetic field and wavelength selection in Random THz Quantum Cascade Lasers by spatially controlled near-infrared excitation
We report on a newly developed Q-switched diode side-pumped Er:YLF solid state laser emitting at 2.81 μm. Efficient short pulse generation is achieved by utilizing the relatively long lifetime of the upper laser level and the inherently linear polarized laser light of the Er:YLF crystal material. By means of an acousto-optic switch, peak powers of 50 kW with corresponding pulse widths of 70 ns and pulse energies of up to 3.5mJ are realized at a repetition rate of 100 Hz. The laser operates efficiently at room temperature and has a compact nature, enabling minimized thermal impact tissue ablation as well as pumping of non-linear crystals for mid-IR generation.
We report on a newly developed high-energy diode side-pumped Er:YLF solid state laser emitting at at 2.81 μm. The pulsed laser generates 100 mJ pulses at 400 μs and 100 Hz, respectively 10W average laser power. The laser operates efficiently at room temperature and has a good beam quality of M2 < 12. The long lifetime of the upper laser level and the inherently linearly polarized laser beam of Er:YLF enables efficient Q-switching for tissue ablation with nanosecond pulses and pumping of non-linear crystals for mid-IR generation.
We report on a novel monolithic high-power diode pumped Tm:YAG laser at 2.02 μm. The pulsed laser generates average output power and pulse energy of beyond 90W and 900mJ in 400 μs pulses, respectively. This wavelength allows usage of standard fused silica fibers and optics, a price competitive solution for minimally-invasive endoscopic surgery. Recent developments in double-clad fiber combiners enable a rugged delivery system for the laser and the OCT ideal for a seeing laser scalpel. This gives the possibility to detect in-depth underlying tissue not yet ablated by the laser in a 2D or 3D fashion with micrometer resolution.
We demonstrated a monolithic high-power diode-pumped Er:YAG laser at 2.94 μm with average output power of up to 50W and pulse energy beyond 300mJ in 400 μs pulses. The high peak power of nearly 1kW is delivered in a high quality beam (M2 < 15), maintained over a large cooling water temperature range of 18-25 °C. The improved resonator configuration allows for stable operation from 0-10% duty-cycle in contrast to prior developments showing saturation. As a first application, fiber-coupling into a 230 μm, 0.2NA GeO2-fiber with standard optics has been shown, reaching 30W average power and 200mJ pulse energy out of the fiber, only limited by the fiber..
We present recent work towards the realization of a nanowire-based terahertz quantum cascade laser. Nanowires offer an additional quantum mechanical confinement of electrons in the plane of a two-dimensional quantum cascade structure. The additional quantization can greatly increase the lifetimes of intersubband transitions and therefore increase the optical gain and also the maximum operating temperature of terahertz quantum cascade lasers. We outline a fabrication process that is fully scalable from nanowire to micropillar devices and present measurements of micropillar arrays in a double metal waveguide. The results are very promising and also show the main technological challenges for realizing nanowire-based devices.
We present the realization of active photonic crystal terahertz lasers operating in higher photonic bands. The
resonator consists of an array of isolated pillars which are embedded in a metallic waveguide. These devices
reduce the overlap with gain region and increase the effect of the surrounding medium. Thereby, it is either
possible to directly manipulate the lasing mode or to sense variations in the environment.
The effect of a population of fluorophores coupling to weakly bound surface plasmons in dielectric/metal/dielectric
structures is investigated for the purpose of fluorescence enhancement near interfaces and live cell fluorescence
surface imaging. We show theoretically and experimentally that for sufficient fluorophore concentrations near such SPP supporting structures significant enhancements in the radiative emission intensity can be observed, with a spectral modification that can be correlated to the average separation of the fluorophores from the substrate. We will discuss the theory behind the effect and some experimental results on imaging labeled proteins in the focal adhesion sites of cells.
Structures consisting of layered metallic films can be designed to have evanescent transmission and reflection
coefficients that oscillate as a function of transverse wavevector and frequency. When combined with an exit face
diffraction grating, a setup can be realized where for different frequencies one has different spatial components
of an incident field scattered into the dominant propagating order behind the grating. One is thereby able to
simultaneously gather information over a larger range of evanescent field components by combining measurements
at more than one frequency. For sources emitting over the relevant frequency ranges, it becomes possible
to reconstruct a higher ("super") resolution image in the far-field without the need for mechanical scanning or
consecutive measurements. We present calculations and simulations demonstrating the operation of the proposed
technique at visible frequencies along with some preliminary experimental results on the transmission properties
of the proposed metal/dielectric stacks.
We have developed and fabricated a novel surface-emitting waveguide for terahertz quantum cascade lasers. The
successfully employed double metal waveguide for such devices lacks of good far field pattern and low beam
divergence. We have overcome these drawbacks by combining a second-order grating for surface emission with a ring
waveguide geometry. Stable single mode emission has been observed over various operating conditions. We have
measured circular beam profiles with a FWHM of 15° and achieved a grating-induced tuning range of about 300 GHz.
By breaking the circular symmetry with two opposite π phase shifts in the grating, the far field pattern has changed into a
tight center lobe with a FWHM of 5° and a preferred polarization direction is defined.
We present a new waveguide concept for terahertz quantum-cascade laser. The double-metal waveguide confines the active region between two metallic layers. Thereby, a modal confinement of almost 100 % is achieved. However, these metal layers are also one of the dominating loss mechanisms. Replacing the conventional metal with a superconductor helps to reduce the total losses. A surface plasmon is formed at the interface between the superconductor and the semiconductor. It can be maintained even for photon energies above the superconducting band gap. In this work we use niobium with a band gap of 2.8 meV to confine the active region of a THz-QCL emitting at 9 meV.
We describe the design, simulation, fabrication and operation of ring cavity surface emitting lasers (RCSEL) based on
quantum cascade structures for the midinfrared (MIR) and terahertz (THz) spectral range. MIR RCSELs facilitate an
enhancement of optical power and a reduction in threshold current density, as compared to Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers. In
continuous wave operation the maximum temperature of ring based devices is 50 K higher than in FP emitters. Also in
THz QCLs a twofold increase in radiation efficiency is observed when compared to FP lasers. The emitters exhibit a
robust single-mode operation around 8 μm and 3.2 THz, with a side mode suppression ratio of 30 dB. The ring-shaped
resonator forms symmetric far-field profiles, represented by a lobe separation of ~1.5° and ~15° for MIR and THz lasers,
respectively.
Latest advances in femtosecond technology have strongly emphasized the control of ultra-short pulses in many
applications where the preservation of the pulse duration is most important. Recently, the delivery of ultra-short pulses
through optical fibers has become possible which opens up remarkable chances for simplifying optical setups or reaching
inaccessible regions. In this study we report on fiber delivery of 2 nJ and sub 65 fs pulses from a Ti:Sapphire laser
through 1.5 m LMA photonic crystal fiber. Application of such a fiber in an all-integrated THz imaging system to obtain
contactless information on the doping concentration of semiconductor wafers is shown.
A numerical method, based on the fast Fourier transform, is proposed that efficiently calculates the 2D (x,y) diffraction
pattern formed when an ultrashort pulse of light is incident upon an aperture. Since ultrashort pulses are becoming
increasingly important in modern optics from THz generation and spectroscopy to confocal microscopy, a fast
numerical technique for calculating typical diffraction patterns is of significant interest. Pulses are not monochromatic
but rather have a finite spectral distribution about some central frequency. Under paraxial conditions, the spatial
diffraction pattern due to an individual spectral component may be calculated using the Fresnel transform. This is
performed for each spectral component giving a spatio-spectral distribution. The diffracted spatio-temporal pulse can
then be calculated by performing an inverse Fourier transform (with respect to the temporal frequency) on this spatio-spectral
distribution. Numerical implementation raises two questions: (a) for a given distance and temporal frequency
what is the minimum number of samples needed to efficiently calculate the corresponding Fresnel diffraction pattern
and (b) for a given temporal pulse profile how many spectral components are required to accurately describe the
diffraction of the pulse? By examining the distribution of the pulses energy in phase space using Wigner diagrams we
identify a simple set of rules for determining these optimal sampling conditions. Then, using these rules we examine
the diffraction patterns from both a square and circular aperture. A discussion of the results and potential THz
applications follows.
We report the realization of microdisk and microring quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting in the terahertz (THz) region between 3.0 THz and 3.8 THz. The GaAs/Al0.15Ga0.85As heterostructure is based on longitudinal-optical phonon scattering for depopulation of the lower radiative state. A double metal waveguide is used to confine the whispering gallery modes in the gain medium. The threshold current density is 900 A/cm2 at 5 K. Lasing takes place in pulsed-mode operation up to a heat-sink temperature of 140 K. Finite-Difference Time-Domaine (FDTD) simulations were performed in a strong field limit to obtain the field distribution within a microdisk THz QCL resonator.
We present an experimental study of electron transport in electrically driven quantum cascade laser structures. Ultrafast quantum transport from the injector into the upper laser subband is investigated by mid-infrared pump-probe experiments directly monitoring the femtosecond saturation and subsequent recovery of electrically induced optical gain. For low current densities, low lattice temperatures, and low pump pulse intensities the charge transport is dominantly coherent, i.e., we observe pronounced gain oscillations upon excitation giving evidence for a coherent electron motion between the injector and the upper laser subband. Increasing either the current density, the lattice temperature, or the pump pulse intensity the gain recovery shows an additional slow incoherent component which essentially follows the pump-initiated heating and subsequent cooling of the carrier gas in the injector.
By integration of a semiconductor mirror into a chirped mirror based Ti:Sapphire oscillator a very compact pulsed Terahertz source is demonstrated. Terahertz radiation is generated by a transient photocurrent in a LT-GaAs layer grown on a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror. This technique allows the manufacturing of ultra-stable, small-size (600 x 200 mm) and self-starting THz systems pushing forward the usability and availability for commercial pulsed Terahertz sources. The Terahertz spectrum goes up to 3 THz and average output power of about 7 μW is achieved.
Ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy can be used to probe charge and spin dynamics in semiconductors. We have studied THz emission from bulk InAs and GaAs and from GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells as a function of magnetic field. Ultrashort pulses of THz radiation were produced at semiconductor surfaces by photoexcitation with a femtosecond Ti-Sapphire laser, and we recorded the THz emission spectrum and the integrated THz power as a function of magnetic field and temperature. In bulk samples the emitted radiation is produced by coupled cyclotron-plasma oscillations: we model THz emission from n-GaAs as magneto-plasma oscillations in a 3-D electron gas. THz emission from a modulation-doped parabolic quantum well is described in terms of coupled intersubband-cyclotron motion. A model including both 3-D plasma oscillations and a 2-D electron gas in a surface accumulation layer is required to describe THz emission from InAs in a magnetic field.
The realization of Quantum Cascade lasers at very long wavelengths is of particular interest due to the lack of narrow-band, powerful sources in the far-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. We report Quantum Cascade lasers operating above 20micrometers (at (lambda) =21.5micrometers and (lambda) =24micrometers ) wavelengths, with pulsed operation up to 140 K and with a peak power of few milliwatts at cryogenic temperatures. Increased accuracy in the band-structure design becomes one of the key factors to assure high electron injection efficiency and to prevent hot-carrier effects. For this reason we developed a technique which allows the observation of intersubband spontaneous emission in unipolar Quantum Cascade lasers above threshold, a helpful instrument for device optimization. Finally, at these very long wavelengths various types of waveguide concepts have to be adopted in order to reduce the otherwise prohibitive layer thickness, enhance the optical confinement and control the waveguide loss. We report Quantum Cascade lasers with double metal-semiconductor waveguide resonators for operating wavelengths of 19, 21 and 24micrometers . The waveguides are based on surface-plasmon modes confined at the metal-semiconductor interfaces on both sides of the active region/injector stack and are not restricted by a cut-off wavelength for the TM polarized intersubband radiation.
Lubos Hvozdara, Stefan Gianordoli, Gottfried Strasser, Werner Schrenk, Karl Unterrainer, Erich Gornik, V. Pustogov, Chavali Murthy, Martin Kraft, Boris Mizaikoff, Alexandra Inberg, Nathan Croitoru
In this contribution, the first application of the recently developed GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers and hollow waveguides in gas sensing spectroscopy is demonstrated. A multimode GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade laser tuned to an emission maximum at 10.009 ?m is used to investigate a mid-infrared absorption of ethene at atmospheric pressure. The laser radiation is focused onto the entrance of a 434 mm long, gas-tight terminated hollow waveguide and it is collected after passing it. Well defined mixtures with ten different concentrations of helium and ethene are flushed through the waveguide. The radiation is analyzed using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) equipped with a mercurycadmium- telluride detector. The obtained discrete ethene spectrum is compared to a calculated spectrum finding a good agreement. A detection threshold of 250 ppm and a response time in the range of 100 ms have been obtained with the current setup.
We propose her a class of quantum well structures designed to achieve a coherent generation of THz radiation through a plasma instability. This can be achieved, without population inversion, if a dynamical inhomogeneity is built into the active region of the structure. We show, through self- consistent calculation of the non-equilibrium steady state, that such structures can be inherently unstable against growing charge fluctuations under a variety of conditions, including lack of population inversion. Preliminary calculations of the I-V characteristics of such structures are in good agreement with experimental results.
We report on the design, growth and characterization of electrically pumped quantum cascade lasers (QCL) and LEDs, based on the GaAs/AlGaAs material system. Intersubband and interminiband optical transitions within the conduction band of a heterostructure are used to achieve spontaneous emission and lasing action. Samples are grown using solid source molecular beam epitaxy. Transport measurements, IR photocurrent spectral response, transmission and emission measurements are performed. Laser wavelength above ten microns are achieved. Peak powers are in the 200 mW range. Laser operation up to 100K and threshold current densities below 15 kA/cm2 are recorded. Ridge lasers exhibit multimode spectra, typical for Fabry-Perot resonators. Room temperature spontaneous emission is recorded, showing the feasibility of a room temperature operating QCL on the GaAs/AlGaAs material system.
The basic principles for achieving population inversion and stimulated emission between light hole Landau levels in p-Germanium are discussed. An inversion between the Landau levels of the light hole subband of germanium is achieved when the crystal is subject to crossed electric and magnetic fields. This leads to stimulated far-infrared emission at the cyclotron resonance frequency. The emission spectrum consists of a single line which is linearly tunable with magnetic field between 65 cm-1 and 85 cm-1. The linewidth of the observed spectrum is about 0.2 cm-1 with an estimated output power of 200 mW. Lasing is found to depend critically on the orientation of the electric and magnetic field in respect to the crystallographic axis. By a comparison of absorption and emission spectra with band structure calculations including nonparabolicity corrections, the lasing transition was identified to be the n equals 2 to n equals 1 Landau level transition of the b-set light holes. Applications of the p-Ge cyclotron resonance lasers are discussed.
Photoconductivity measurements of two-photon magnetoabsorption in
GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells have been performed using a one-beam pumping
technique. The splitting of 2P-exciton states in magnetic fields up to 6 T have been
studied in Faraday configuration with the linear polarization parallel to the layers of the
quantum wells. By applying a theory of linear-Zeeman effect in the hydrogen atom,
effective masses for motion parallel to the quantum-well layers can be extracted from the
data to be O.1Om for heavy holes and O.18m for light holes.
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