We have fabricated and characterized polymeric slab asymmetric waveguides doped with a near-infrared-emitting dye, 2-(6-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,4-neopentylene-1,3,5-hexatrienyl)-3-ethylbenzothiazolium perchlorate. Upon nanosecond photopumping, the waveguides have shown a small-signal gain coefficient of 37.2 ± 2.1 cm-1 at 820 nm for a pump fluence of 1.57 mJ/cm2 (314 kW/cm2). The loss coefficient and transparency fluence have been found to be 7.3 ± 1.0 cm-1 at 820 nm and 0.14 mJ/cm2 (28 kW/cm2), respectively. It is shown that a small-signal gain of 19.7 ± 2.3 dB is achievable in a 1.2-mm-long waveguide. Furthermore, near-infrared laser emission from self-assembled luminescent polymer microcavities has been demonstrated. The microrings are formed around silica optical fibers of varying diameters (80, 125, and 200 μm) and the larger microresonators have an overall quality factor of ~2 × 103, which is limited by surface roughness and scattering. We illustrate how the laser threshold varies inversely with both the quality factor and the inner diameter of the microrings. The free spectral range and the intensity variation of the laser output are also presented.
Photochromic dye is expected for all-optical waveguide switches because it could change its refractive index by UV or
visible light irradiation. One of photochromic amorphous molecular materials, 4-[bis(9,9-dimethylfluorene-2-yl)amino]
azobenzene (BFlAB) readily formed stable amorphous glasses above room temperature without polymer dilution and it
showed large refractive index change and good processability. We fabricated an all-optical 1 × 2 Y-branch waveguide
switch by simple process and evaluated its optical properties and switching function.
To control thermo-optic (T-O) coefficient of polymer materials, hybrid polymer system with inorganic nanoparticles
was examined. Polymer materials have high T-O coefficient but low refractive index. On the other hand, inorganic
materials have low T-O coefficient but high refractive index. Then surface treated inorganic nanoparticles were dispersed
into epoxy polymers. By increasing inorganic nanoparticle contents, refractive index of hybrid polymer changed and its
T-O coefficient decreased.
Polymers are attractive materials for optical waveguide applications due to their low cost, easy processibility and good
flexibility. One of the highest priorities in the improvement of polymer optical waveguides is to develop new polymer
materials possessing low optical loss, thermal stability, and refractive index controllability. Here, we present promising
optical waveguide materials, i.e. calixarene polymers, which possess good optical and thermal properties. Calixarene
polymer optical waveguides showed low optical loss (less than 1 dB/cm at 1.3 μm) and good thermal stability (5 wt%
loss temperature : higher than 300°C). The control of refractive index of calixarene polymers was also achieved by
copolymerization of calixrene with other comonomer. Calixarene molecules are originally known as an inclusion
compound in host-gesut chemistry, which can bind various metal ions and organic molecules. Thus, we also investigated
the binding property of calixarene polymer against trivalent europium(Eu3+) complex which possesses excellent
luminescent characteristics. An interaction , i.e. coordination structure, is established between calixarene polymer and Eu
complex, which results in an effective suppression of concentration quenching of Eu complex.
A uniaxial refractive index anisotropy was introduced by a corona poling. And, and biaxial refractive index anisotropy was introduced by a physical film stretching with the presence of the nonlinear optical chromophore. The refractive indices of the film before poling and after the poling were nx=ny=nz=1.541 and nx=ny=1.539, nz=1.552, respectively. The mechanical stress was then applied to the film to introduce another anisotropy. The refractive indices after the stretching were nx=1.540, ny=1.538, and nz=1.551. We also proposed an in-situ film elongation technique with poling. Above the grass transition temperature, the polymer film is plasticized and can be stretched longer so that the chromophore is reoriented effectively. As a result, the decreasing of film transparency due to the stretching can be prevented by this temperature.
Organic nonlinear optical crystal 2-Adamanthylamino-5-nitropyridine (AANP) has attracted attention because of its large nonlinear susceptibility and the possibility of phase matching in the near-infrared wavelength region. To achieve high efficiency of propagation and modulation of light, it is necessary to fabricate optical waveguides of the crystal. Electron beam irradiation method is well known technique for polymer pattering in the order of nanometer. In this work we apply electron beam irradiation method to AANP single crystal to modulate refractive index of it and fabricated an optical waveguide.
Novel second order nonlinear optical (NLO) polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers with high glass transition temperatures containing an azo dye attached as side-chain have been prepared using a new approach from polymethacrylic acid or polyacrylic acid as starting materials. Glass transition temperatures of 150 approximately 170 degree Celsius were obtained for Disperse red 1 dye attached polymethacrylic acid. These are attributed to the hydrogen bonding between the residual carboxyl groups in the starting polymers. Poled films by corona poling exhibited large NLO susceptibilities, (chi) (2)33 up to 53 pm/V at a wavelength of 1.3 micrometer. Due to the high glass transition temperatures of the polymers, long-term stability of the optical nonlinearity at 100 degrees Celsius was observed for 200 hrs or more. However residual carboxyl groups caused absorbance decrease mainly by hydrolysis of the ester bonds of the polymers investigated by UV-Vis absorption measurement. The stability of induced polar order of the NLO polymer was enhanced by using aminoalkyl chromophore and imidizing it thermally to introduce imide structure into the polymer main-chain. This imidized polymer exhibited (chi) (2)33 of 45 pm/V at a wavelength of 1.3 micrometer and maintained about 90% of the initial value after 230 hrs or more at 100 degrees Celsius.
A ridge waveguide of an organic salt, 4-N,N-methyl- stilbazorium tosylate, DAST, which has the largest second- order optical nonlinearities among organic materials, was fabricated for the first time to our knowledge. DAST crystal was covered by poly (methyl methacrylate) as a protect layer for a photo-resist solution, then standard photolithography and oxygen reactive ion etching (RIE) processes were applied. DAST ridge waveguide, 34x20 micrometers and 6x6 micrometers channel s with 2mm in length were successfully fabricated by this process. To reduce the refractive index of the crystal, photo bleaching was effectively applied for DAST crystal. So, photobleaching can be applied to fabricate a cladding layer for the ridge waveguide.
New colorless salts of 4-carbamoylpyridinium benzenesulfonate derivatives having hydroxy, methoxy or bromo substituent with second-order optical nonlinearity were synthesized. Their x-ray structural analyses have been performed. Intermolecular hydrogen bond formation between sulfonate group and carbamoyl group as well as between carbamoyl groups of adjacent cations were observed in the crystals. Using a simple oriented-gas description, non- diagonal second-harmonic coefficients of the crystal were estimated to be not too far form that of colored N-(4- nitrophenyl)-(L)-prolinol. The easy single crystal growth and good transparency in visible region suggest that they may be applicable as crystals for frequency conversion of conventional laser diodes.
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