We here report on the synthesis and characterization of two nanoparticles focused on cancer treatment via laser immunotherapy (LIT), which is a novel cancer treatment modality with the ability to eradicate primary tumors directly and induce an immune response to destroy distant metastases. This method makes use of a photosensitizing agent and an immunoadjuvant to aide in the efficacy and targeting of a laser treatment. In consideration of ways to bring those materials to the tumor site, we investigated the use of various nanoparticles as targeted delivery agents. Due to the tendency of cancerous cells to overexpress low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) to fulfill their heightened need for cholesterol, as well as due to the previously documented ability of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to be reconstituted with other materials, these naturally occurring nanoparticles served as the base to be combined with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and form a therapeutic nanocompound dubbed rGO-LDL. (R)-9bMS, a small molecule inhibitor, is known to significantly hinder the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells—a tumor model particularly resistant to treatment. For this reason, (R)-9bMS was selected, and the photosensitizing agent, indocyanine green (ICG) was combined with it into a nanoparticle geared towards use in LIT.
Metastases are the cause of more than 90 percent of cancer-related deaths. Current treatment methods, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, fail to target the metastases effectively. One potential treatment for metastatic cancer is laser immunotherapy (LIT). LIT combines the use of a photothermal laser with an immunoadjuvant, Glycated Chitosan (GC). GC combined with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has proven to be a viable alternative to traditional cancer treatment methods, when under irradiation of laser with appropriate wavelength. In this study, the effects of low dose and high dose laser irradiation on metastatic pancreatic cancer cell migration were observed. It was found that low dose irradiation increased the migration rate, but the high dose irradiation significantly decreased the migration rate of the cancer cells. When using LIT, the goal is to kill tumor cells and to prompt the correct immune response. If the tumor were irradiated with a low dose, it would promote metastasis. If the dose of irradiation were too high, it would destroy the entire tumor and the immune response would not recognize the tumor. Therefore, the laser dose plays an important role in LIT, particularly when using SWNT as light absorbing agent. Our results from this study will delineate the optimal laser irradiation dose for destroying tumor cells and at the same time preserve and release tumor antigens as a precursor of antitumor immune response.
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