KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide, LIDAR, Signal detection, Absorption, Denoising, Signal processing, Modal decomposition, Pulse signals, Interference (communication), Signal to noise ratio
Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) serves as a pivotal technique for profiling atmospheric CO2 concentrations, yet its efficacy is hampered by the presence of noise. Traditional denoising methods, such as Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and its variant (EEMD), have been employed to mitigate this issue. However, these methods are not underpinned by a robust mathematical framework and are prone to the phenomenon of mode mixing, which can compromise the quality of signal decomposition. In this research, we present a novel denoising method for Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) signals, employing Successive Variational Mode Decomposition (SVMD) integrated with Pearson correlation coefficients. The algorithm initiates by decomposing the echo signal into a multitude of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) through the SVMD process. Subsequently, Pearson correlation coefficients are utilized to quantitatively assess the degree of similarity between each IMF and the original signal. Only those IMFs that meet a pre-defined threshold of similarity are integrated back into the reconstruction process, yielding a refined, denoised signal. The efficacy of our proposed denoising methodology is substantiated through a comparative analysis with simulated DIAL echo signals. The results highlight the algorithm's ability to effectively reduce noise in echo signals, thereby improving the precision and effective range of CO2 concentration profile retrievals.
The excellent properties of the narrow linewidth, single longitudinal mode and constant frequency of the seed-injected solid-state single-frequency pulse laser make it suitable in the applications of the gravitational wave detection, doppler wind radar, and greenhouse gas flux measurement. FPGAs have been widely utilized in the laser electronic control systems due to its high integration and parallel processing capabilities. Based on the classical Ramp-Hold-Fire principle, we develop an injection locking system by using the modular FPGA architecture and the Verilog programming language. To demonstrate the program's viability, Vivado software is utilized for online simulation and debugging to guarantee the correctness of time conversion between different modules. The simulation results show a good time match between the master and slave lasers. The realization of seed injection locking is verified by detecting the increase of output laser energy, shortening pulse setup time and single longitudinal mode output pulse after injection. Finally, a 2 μm single frequency pulse laser is generated with a repetition rate 300 Hz and output power 4.5 mJ.
The capability of monitoring the greenhouse distribution and variation is of the essence for mankind sustainable development. Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) based on high energy 2 μm pulse lasers are favorable for the atmospheric CO2 concentration remote sensing. Here we present a high energy Q-switched Ho:YLF laser with a ring cavity resonantly pumped by two self-made 1940 nm Tm:YAP solid-state lasers through polarization beam combining. In the operation of continuous-wave (CW), the maximum output power was 7.39 W at 2065.15 nm as the incident pump power was 33 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency and an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency were 40.75 % and 22.39 %. At 300 Hz, a maximum pulse energy of 21.23 mJ was obtained with the pulse width of 90 ns under 30.8 W pump power. The energy instability during 30 minutes was 1.01 % at the maximum pulse output energy. The beam quality factor M2 were 1.009 in x direction and 1.020 in y direction, respectively. The high energy high stability Ho:YLF laser also makes excellent potential sources for the following amplifiers as well as other applications such as surgery. With the continuing double pulse injection locking, a single frequency high energy pulse laser will be achieved for the CO2 sensing DIAL.
We investigate an all-fibered frequency-shifting loop (FSL) that includes an electro-optic intensity modulator (EOM) and an optical amplifier, and is seeded by a continuous-wave laser. At variance with frequency-shifted feedback lasers that contain an acousto-optic frequency shifter (AOFS), the EOM creates at each round-trip two side-bands that recirculate inside the loop. We experimentally and theoretically investigate the time response of the FSL in the fractional Talbot condition. Experimental results show that the intensity-modulating FSL generates short pulses with a repetition rate multiplication. We observe pulses at repetition rates tunable between 5.867 MHz and 715.8 MHz. The system is also modeled by a simple linear interference model that takes the amplitude modulation function and loop delay into account. The model predicts the fractional Talbot property as in AOFS-based systems, but with an additional amplitude modulation of the pulse train, in good agreement with the experimental results. This experiment shows an alternative approach to AOFS loops, taking advantage of the inherent bandwidth and tunability of the EOM. This fractional Talbot laser may find applications in optical sampling, THz generation and ultrafast data processing systems.
In this paper, we reported what we believed to be potential improved performance for a Nd:YVO4 discrete path Innoslab amplifier configuration based on a plane-plane resonator system. A 95W, 30KHz laser output was obtained with the Innoslab amplifier. The corresponding optical to optical efficiency was 28.8%. The beam quality factors of M2 were 1.54 in the horizontal direction and 1.43 in the vertical direction, respectively.
A graphene passively Q-switched single frequency Ho:YAG laser was demonstrated. Ho:YAG crystal was resonantly pumped by a 1908 nm diode laser. Twisted-mode single frequency technique was applied to realize single frequency oscillation. The maximum single frequency laser output was 358 mW. Single frequency pulse laser output was achieved by inserting a graphene into the single frequency Ho:YAG laser. The maximum average power of 149 mW was obtained with the pulse repetition rate of 40.45 kHz under 8.32 W of incident pump power.
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