Low frequency guided waves have been used to develop Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) for the early detection of fatigue cracks in metallic aircraft structures. The scattering and mode conversion of guided waves at part-thickness defects was investigated to quantify the sensitivity for defect detection and the potential for the development of a baseline-free SHM methodology employing mode-converted guided waves. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and experimental validation were conducted to investigate the mode converted scattering from the S0 to the A0 Lamb wave mode at part-thickness crack-like defects in an aluminum plate. A piezoelectric (PZT) transducer was experimentally used as a plate edge excitation for the S0 mode and the out-of-plane displacement was measured using a laser vibrometer. Good agreement between the FEA and experimental results was obtained and the influence of defect depth and length was investigated and quantified.
Fatigue crack growth is one of the most common damage types in aluminum components, widely used in aircraft structures. Detection of fatigue cracks at an early stage is important to guarantee aircraft safety. Efficient non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM) can be achieved by employing low frequency guided ultrasonic waves, as they can propagate long distances along plate structures. SHM systems using distributed guided waves sensors have been proposed for efficient monitoring, but have limitations due to environmental influences such as the temperature stability of the conventional baseline subtraction method. The scattering and mode conversion of guided waves at part-thickness defects was investigated to quantify the sensitivity for defect detection and the potential for the development of a baseline-free SHM methodology employing mode converted guided waves. Baseline-free SHM methodology employing mode conversion is expected to overcome some of the limitations caused by environmental factors and to improve sensitivity and stability by employing new or modified signal processing algorithms. A three dimensional (3D) Finite Element (FE) model was developed to predict the mode conversion of the fundamental guided wave modes. The influence of defect length and depth on detection results were investigated numerically. The detection sensitivity for part-thickness defects in a plate is quantified.
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