KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Analog electronics, Digital signal processing, Data transmission, Temperature metrology, Optoelectronics, Manufacturing, Signal processing, Nonlinear optics
In the context of Industry 4.0, a new concept called “smart oilfield” is introduced, which relies on large-scale information exchange among various parts and there is an urgent need for special fiber links for both increased data transmission capacity and high-sensitivity distributed sensing. Naturally, multicore fibers can be expected to play a critical role in smart oilfields, in which part of cores are responsible for data transmission, while other ones are used for sensing. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneously integrated seven-core fiber for interconnection and awareness applications in smart oilfields, which not only could support digital and analog signal transmission, but also could measure temperature and vibration through Raman effect and phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry. The core arranged in the center is used for digital transmission to maintain communication stability, while others are arranged around the center for analog transmission and sensing with equal pitches to increase sensing sensitivity. The core for digital signal transmission has low differential mode group delay of 10 ps/km over C-band and the crosstalk between adjacent cores is lower than -55 dB/km at the pitch of 50 μm. A 25-Gbaud real-time transmission over 50 km is simulated as a proof of concept. Each core for analog signal transmission has a large effective area of 172 μm2 to suppress the nonlinear effect due to the watt-scale input power. In all, the proposed heterogeneously integrated multicore fiber exhibits great potential to be applied in smart oilfields, meeting the demand for efficient and cost-effective oil production.
With the number of modes in photonic lantern (PL) increasing, a longer adiabatic taper is required, which is not feasible for fabrication. A cascaded-taper-based PL is proposed as a type of efficient and compact multiplexer/demultiplexer. It has many advantages to design and draw the PL through multi-taper cascade. For the double-taper PL with its longitudinal profile optimized, the coupling efficiency of mode group LP01 and LP11 reaches its optimal value of 90.8% and 90.0% when the length is 5.15 cm, while the corresponding efficiency of the single-taper PL is only 74.6% and 85.6%, respectively. Besides, the triple-taper PL optimized with the same material has a length of 4.65 cm. The optimal coupling efficiency of mode group LP01 and LP11 is 89.5% and 89.1%, while the single-taper PL with the same length is only 72.6% and 84.4%, respectively. Without loss of generality, the optimal adiabatic taper profiles of the two-modegroup PLs are obtained by beam propagation method. As a comparison, only when the length of the single-taper twomode- group PLs is 9 cm, the coupling efficiency of mode group LP01 and LP11 reaches the optimal values of 92.4% and 94.1% respectively. Although the optimal coupling efficiency of the double-taper and triple-taper PLs is slightly lower than that of the optimal single-taper ones, they will exhibit better performance when the length must be shorter.
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