Formulations containing silicon-based polymers have been used for the formation of planar waveguides on flexible substrates. The substrate of choice is compatible with the flexible waveguide and is made of materials commonly utilized in the printed circuit board industry. When the flexible waveguide material is combined with the chosen substrate using processes compatible with printed circuit board manufacturing techniques, the resultant optical interconnects display sufficient flexibility, low optical loss (<0.05 dB/cm at 850 nm), and high reliability.
Bandwidth demand is still growing and it is becoming more difficult for copper based interconnect technologies to meet system requirements. Considerable progress is being made in the development of optical interconnect technology. Recent publications have shown improved integration of turning mirrors and connectors for board level applications. This paper presents recent work on a siloxane-based waveguide material that is optimized for 850nm board level optical interconnect applications. The material under development is a negative acting photoimageable material that can be processed with conventional Printed Wire Board (PWB) or CMOS processing techniques and chemistries. Meter long waveguides have been fabricated on both silicon and FR4 substrates with optical loss performance of 0.027dB/cm and 0.067dB/cm respectively. Data illustrating the effect of bend radii and splitter performance is reported. Lastly, the ability of the siloxane material to withstand PWB fabrication and assembly processes such as lamination, metallization and reliability is demonstrated.
The drive to faster data transmission speeds, more integration, smaller form factors and higher signal integrity all favor the eventual adoption of optical transmission schemes in data buses. This contribution will discuss emerging technologies from Shipley Company, LLC to address the needs of optoelectronic signal transmission. In particular, the discussion will focus on materials and processes that are in development to function within existing printed circuit board (PCB) & microelectronic manufacturing schemes. One topic that is described in detail involves photo-patternable, polymer interconnect technologies. Another topic describes progress in Shipley’s ability to integrate these interconnects into prototypical PCB processes. Progress in connecting the planar waveguides to connectorization schemes will be also be described. Other topics include lithographic and patterning metrics, optical characteristics of interconnects, morphological features of patterned waveguides, integration and coupling considerations, thermal and mechanical properties of the system and general assembly processes..
Results are presented on ultra low refractive index materials that can be used as low optical loss cladding materials for high ΔN waveguides. The porous materials are made by templating and removing nano size organic particles from a matrix. Calculations are presented for the scattering from such materials both in the bulk phase and also at the core cladding interface. The optical losses in tight turning high ΔN single mode waveguides are also calculated.
There are a number of organic, inorganic, and hybrid inorganic waveguide materials that are currently being used for a wide variety of optical interconnect applications. Depending upon the approach, waveguide formation is performed using a combination of lithographic and/or reactive ion etch (RIE) techniques. Often the processes involved with waveguide formation require unique processing conditions, hazardous process chemicals, and specialized pieces of capital equipment. In addition, many of the materials have been optimized for silicon substrates but are not compatible with printed wire board (PWB) substrates and processes. We have developed compositions and processes suitable for the creation of optical, planar waveguides on both silicon and PWB substrates. Based on silicate technology, these compositions use lithographic techniques to define waveguides, including aqueous, alkaline development. The resulting planar waveguides take advantage of the glass-like nature of silicate chemistry wedded with the simplicity of standard lithographic processes. Attenuation at typical wavelengths has been found to compete well with the non-silicate-based technologies available today. Single-mode (SM) and multi-mode (MM) waveguides with losses ranging from 0.6 dB/cm @ 1550nm, 0.2 dB/cm @1320nm, and <0.1 @ 850nm are feasible. Composition, process, and physical properties such as optical, thermal and mechanical properties will be discussed.
Chemically-amplified positive DUV photoresists are well known to exhibit small profile deviation at the resist substrate interface, commonly called footing, when processed on substrates like silicon oxynitride (SiON), titanium nitride, and boron phosphorous silicate glass. Severe footing can cause etch problems resulting in critical dimension nonuniformity and degraded lithographic performance. The objective of this paper is to examine possible solutions to footing on SiON substrates by focusing on three main areas: photoresist formulation, photoresist processing and substrate manipulation.
This new photoresist system extends the capability of the ESCAP platform previously discussed. (1) This resist material features a modified ESCAP type 4-hydroxystyrene-t-butyl acrylate polymer system which is capable of annealing due to the increased stability of the t-butyl ester blocking group. The resist based on this polymer system exhibits excellent delay stability and enhanced etch resistance versus previous DUV resists, APEX and UV2HS. Improved stabilization of chemically amplified photoresist images can be achieved through reduction of film volume by film densification. When the host polymer provides good thermal stability the soft bake conditions can be above or near the Tg (glass transition) temperature of the polymer. The concept of annealing (film densification) can significantly improve the environmental stability of the photoresist system. Improvements in the photoacid generator, processing conditions and overall formulation coupled with high NA (numerical aperture) exposure systems, affords linear lithography down to 0.15 micrometer for isolated lines with excellent post exposure delay stability. In this paper, we discuss the UV4 and UV5 photoresist systems based on the ESCAP materials platform. The resist based on this polymer system exhibits excellent delay stability and enhanced etch resistance versus APEX-E and UV2HS. Due to lower acrylate content, the Rmax for this system can be tuned for feature-type optimization. We demonstrate sub-0.25 micrometer process window for isolated lines using these resists on a conventional exposure tool with chrome on glass masks. We also discuss current use for various device levels including gate structures for advanced microprocessor designs. Additional data will be provided on advanced DRAM applications for 0.25 micrometer and sub-0.25 micrometer programs.
The post-exposure delay (PED) stability of several chemically amplified DUV resists in unfiltered environments is shown to be strongly dependent on the standing wave intensity. The use of a bottom antireflective layer diminishes the rate of CD change for UVIIHSTM, UVIIITM, APEX-E and UV5TM resists by a factor of three or greater. Increasing the post exposure bake to diffuse outstanding waves results in a three to six fold improvement with UVIIHS, UVIII, UV5 and UV6TM. These resists show the greatest stability when soft baked at high temperatures to reduce the diffusion rate of airborne contaminants, and post-exposure baked at high temperatures to diffuse out the standing wave pattern.
As critical dimensions become smaller, a greater demand is being placed on existing i-line lithographic capability to support 0.35 micrometers technology. One method that is gaining wider acceptance is the use of a top side anti reflective coating (TARC). The effect of the TARC is to reduce the interference effects occurring in the film stack so that critical dimension (CD) variation as a result of topography is minimized. Unfortunately, the TARC provides no improvement with other lithographic responses that define the process window of a resist. Another approach is to use a contrast enhancement material (CEM). It is well known that a CEM can improve the depth of focus and resolution of a given resist system, and it is suspected that it may also possess some of the interference reduction properties of conventional TARCs. The purpose of this work is to investigate how effective the CEM acts as a TARC, and to determine any additional lithographic improvements which will increase the overall 0.35 micrometers process window. Process optimization of the CEM and TARC revealed that similar processing schemes could be used for both materials, but that it was necessary to remove the CEM (w/ a water rinse) prior to post exposure bake (PEB). The bulk photospeed swing ratio of the SPR3000 alone, was compared to SPR3000/Aquatar and SPR3000/CEM. Results showed that the Aquatar reduced the Eo swing ratio by 75%, while the CEM reduced the Eo swing ratio by about 55%. Similar improvements were seen with 0.35 micrometers CD swing ratio data. Exposure latitude and focus latitude (0.35 micrometers lines/spaces) data was generated using the same resist/enhancement schemes mentioned above at thicknesses corresponding to an Emax and Emin. Results of the lithography at each thickness were overlaid to determine the process window. Results showed the Aquatar and CEM processes to provide improved 0.35 micrometers windows, and that using a contrast enhancement material as a TARC is another alternative which can be used to increase the capability of commercially available i-line resists.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.