KEYWORDS: Solar cells, Photovoltaics, Solar energy, Silicon, Perovskite, Manufacturing, Sustainability, Dye sensitized solar cells, Design, Energy efficiency
This report provides a snapshot of emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies. It consists of concise contributions from experts in a wide range of fields including silicon, thin film, III-V, perovskite, organic, and dye-sensitized PVs. Strategies for exceeding the detailed balance limit and for light managing are presented, followed by a section detailing key applications and commercialization pathways. A section on sustainability then discusses the need for minimization of the environmental footprint in PV manufacturing and recycling. The report concludes with a perspective based on broad survey questions presented to the contributing authors regarding the needs and future evolution of PV.
The rapid progress in the field of perovskite solar cells has led to efficiencies approaching that of crystalline silicon in single junction devices, and increasing emphasis is now being placed on scalable fabrication strategies that have the potential to truly impact the photovoltaics industry. The standard fabrication route of sequential, layer-bylayer depositions to form the device stack is limited by the small range of selective materials that can withstand successive solvent exposures and thermal annealings. In order to overcome this limitation, we have developed a method to fabricate the device stacks through mechanical lamination under moderate pressures and temperatures. The procedure involves fabricating two transparent conductive oxide/transport material/perovskite half stacks and laminating them together at the perovskite/perovskite interface. This procedure previously achieved 10% efficiency in initial attempts based on methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPI) perovskite compositions. Herein, we reported the fabrication conditions to achieve a reproducible lamination with a complex, multi-cation perovskite, [Cs0.05(MA0.17F A0.83)0.95P b(I0.83Br0.17)3] (FAMACs), laminated at 18°C and with a pressure of 350 psi for 30 minutes. The resulting material showed a sharpening of the optical absorption edge and a slight reduction in the band gap from 1.622 eV to 1.616 eV, indicative of improved ordering and reduced defects. Concurrently, time resolved photoluminescence measurements revealed an increased luminescence lifetime from 85 ns to 123 ns.
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