We analyzed macrophysical characteristics of clouds and their radiative effects using COSMO mesoscale model and four German CLOUDNET sites. The study was performed for selected days with optically thick cloudiness, which relates to the period from April to October 2018. The short-term forecasts with only 3-hour time interval permit to evaluate only cloud microphysics effect on global irradiance at ground. The comparisons of liquid cloud water content (QC) and ice cloud content (QI) between measurements and modelling are discussed. We showed that the CLOUDRAD experimental cloud radiation interaction scheme provides a better agreement in global irradiance with observations than that from the default scheme.
An effect of the implementation of the new aerosol-cloud-radiation interaction scheme in the COSMO model is described. The results of simulations with the new scheme are given for various values of the aerosol concentration. The aerosol effect on the forecast of cloud microphysical characteristics and radiative fluxes was determined. The study conducted for Meteorological Observatory of Moscow State University for a warm period (April – October) 2018. Values of integral cloud water/ice content obtained in experiments with fixed cloud nuclei concentration were noticeably smaller than in experiment with aerosol climatological data. Simulations shown the decreasing of global radiation with increasing cloud particle number that is connected with increasing of the concentration of cloud nuclei. We obtain better results against observations when cloud nuclei concentration is set according to Tegen aerosol climatology compare to fixed concentration.
In this paper we consider the influence of various parametrizations of aerosol-cloud-interaction on the total solar radiation and cloud transmission at the earth's surface according to the INMCM5 model. Several 10-year numerical experiments were carried out with/without three parametrizations of this interaction. In addition, numerical experiments with different emissions of aerosol precursor gases for 1980 and 2005 were performed. We show that the account for aerosol particles in aerosol-cloud interaction leads to an increase in the cloudiness by an average of 0.1 and a decrease in the total radiation by 25 W/m2. As a result, there is a decrease in the air temperature by an average of 2 degrees for all months of the year. This result confirms the theoretical assumptions about the increase of the cloud albedo effect with a decrease in the effective radius of the particles. However, numerical experiments with different emissions of aerosol precursor gases for 2005 and for 1980 revealed that at lower emissions there is a decrease in cloud transmission and an increase in the cloudiness. The probable causes of the observed effect are discussed.
The radiation effects of aerosol in clear sky under continental aerosol (Meteorological Observatory of MSU (Russia), Lindenberg Observatory (Germany)), over semi-desert areas (Israel) and Arctic district at the Tiksi International Hydrometeorological (Russia) observatory were estimated using the mesoscale COSMO-Ru model. The effect of aerosol on the surface air temperature is also was investigated. For the present study we use the aerosol dataset from CIMEL (AERONET) sun photometer measurements and the data of shortwave radiation components based on reliable instruments Kipp&Zonen. The application of the new MACv2 climatology radiation model provides the annual average relative error of the total global radiation which does not exceed 25 W/m2. We suggest that in clear sky conditions the sensitivity of air temperature at 2 meters to aerosol in all considered geographical areas lie within 0.9°C per 100 W/m2 change in shortwave net radiation changes.
We analyzed clouds macrophysics and their radiative effects according to COSMO mesoscale atmospheric model and measurements at Lindenberg Observatory (Germany). Different cloud parameters simulated by the model and derived from measurements of ground-based remote sounding systems as well as by measurements of the BSRN station have been compared for snow-free conditions during March-October, 2016. We show that simulated water vapor content (QV) values were higher than the observed ones in the middle and upper troposphere. Furthermore, the modeled cloud ice water content (QI) is significantly higher at these altitudes and the ice cloud water path (TQI) is ten times higher than the observed value. Typical values of TQI and of TQC (liquid cloud water path) lie within 3*10-13-1.1 kg/m2 and 0.0017-2.9 kg/m2 , respectively with average values of 0.015 and 0.079 kg/m2 correspondingly. We also found a positive bias with the measurements for the TQC greater than 0.1 kg/m2 and a negative bias for other values. A clear nonlinear dependence of solar irradiance at ground against TQC values was obtained both from measurements and model experiments. We showed a significant (29%) underestimation of model solar irradiance for the same TQC values in overcast cloud conditions compared with the observations.
We analyzed long-term variations of UV irradiance 300-380 nm over Moscow 55.7N, 37.5E since 1968 using a complex dataset that includes ground-based UV measurements, UV retrievals from two satellites, and the results of a previously developed empirical model. Long-term interannual changes of UV irradiance, 300-380nm, during 1968-2003 show the absence of any linear trends although an increase is detected in the late 90-s due to cloud amount and aerosol content decrease. The ground-based data are compared with UV satellite retrievals from two independent methods as well as with the results of an empirical model that accounts for the physical dependence of UV on cloud parameters (amount and optical thickness), surface albedo, total ozone, and aerosol properties of the atmosphere. UV datasets over Moscow obtained from different satellite instruments: from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data (version 8) since 1979 and from METEOSAT/MVIRI since 1984. The original METEOSAT processor, using visibility observations at a nearby meteorological station to quantify the aerosol load, leads to a significant underestimation of the UV daily doses (-23% in warm period and -31% in cold period). Substituting the visibility observations by in situ monthly mean aerosol optical depth improves significantly the agreement in both warm and cold periods (respectively, -9% and -10%) but the bias still remains. The difference between TOMS UV retrievals and ground-based data has different signs in warm (+6%) and cold (-15%) periods. Applying off-line absorbing aerosol correction in TOMS UV retrievals eliminates the positive bias in warm period. The negative bias during the cold period can be due to the application of minimum Lambertian effective reflectivity (MLER) approach to determine the surface albedo especially in conditions with non stable snow cover (end of February- March, and November-December). Model reconstruction of UV variability demonstrates high correlation with aerosol corrected satellite UV retrievals (0.83-0.94) as well as with ground data (0.82) during warm period. During cold months the correlation between satellite UV retrievals and ground-based measurements is much worse.
We show comparisons between ground-based measurements of UV irradiance less 380 nm and satellite TOMS UV retrievals within the whole period of TOMS measurements (1979-2000) over Moscow. We analyze the scale of temporal averaging of ground-based UV data taken with 1 minute resolution which should be used while comparing with TOMS data measured once per day within a relatively large footprint area (50-100 km2). Another objective is to study interannual variability of UV irradiance obtained by ground-based UV measurements and TOMS UV retrievals for the whole period of observation (1979-2000) over Moscow area. The analysis of interannual variations in satellite UV retrievals and ground-based UV irradiance is given together with examination of different atmospheric parameters, which are available from ground and satellite observations. A special attention is given to the comparisons of UV radiation obtained from ground and satellite measurements in spring season when the maximum ozone loss is observed. This is done together with the analysis of interannual variations in snow characteristics (snow albedo, snow depth, etc) and in cloudiness. We revealed the uncertainties in TOMS UV retrievals at specified atmospheric conditions by using ancillary information. The comparisons between TOMS and ground-based UV radiation in cloudless atmosphere with different aerosol optical properties are of particular concern.
According to long-term ultraviolet (UV) observations which have been carried out in the Meteorological Observatory of Moscow State University since 1968 influence of different cloud types and cloud amount on UV radiation has been analyzed. UV transmission by cloudiness (Cq) was shown to have distinct spectral peculiarities. Approximate formulas were carried out for different extended clouds Cq distributions. Cq values were shown to be independent of cloud amount (N) of high plus middle clouds. Nonlinear Cq versus N dependence of low clouds was approximated by analytical equation. It may be used in analysis of possible effects of cloud amount trends. Results of data analysis show positive trends of N in different regions of the world (e.g. dN equals 1 in the USA and Canada. dNlow equals 0.2 and dNlow equals 0.5 per decade for Estonia and Moscow). In Moscow Nlow growth caused 6-8% UV attenuation per decade. Due to nonlinear Cq dependence on N the effect of cloud trends on UV radiation may be stronger in climatic regions characterized by great cloud amount values.
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