The task has been solved of acoustooptic interraction of Bessel light beams (BLB) in uniaxial crystal with plane acoustic
wave. The process has been calculated of isotropic scattering of BLBs without change of the polarization state. The diffraction efficiency has been found out, and it has been shown to be closely one hundred percent. The studied acoustooptical process can be taken as a principle of the method of TH- and TE-polarized Bessel light beams obtaining, which differs by the possibility of manipulation in time by the polarization state.
A highly ordered structure and a relatively simple method of obtaining porous anodic alumina (PAA) have been
attracting the attention of researchers to the potentialities of using such material in various fields of science and
technology. The PAA- technology is oriented to mass production, does not require the use of expensive modern
lithography and evaporation equipment. The technology makes it possible to produce PAA layers in a wide thickness
range (0.1 - 800 μm) and with a spatially ordered system of pores whose diameter and periodicity can be changed within
the range from tens to hundreds of nanometers. By filling nanopores with conductive, semiconductive and dielectric
materials or their combinations, possibilities arise of making micro-sensors based on various physical, chemical and
biological effects. For numerous applications, there is a promising development direction associated with modification of
PAA structures with nano-diamonds. To control the modification process and for subsequent use of films in energyabsorbing
sensor systems, a real-time measurement is required of their thermal and physical parameters, and, in
particular, the coefficient of thermal diffusion (CTD).
In this report an optical method for determining CTD is developed which is based on an analysis of the spatialtemporal
dynamics of the speckle field. The proposed method for measuring the coefficient of thermal diffusion is based
on the measurement of an average speed of the speckle-field movement along the specimen surface. Due to statistical
nature of speckles, their movement must be also described statistically. Our approach consists in the use of correlation
functions describing the degree of change in a speckle-image of some element of the surface in the process of heating or
cooling. The proposed method is fully optical, fast, non-invasive and can be customized for specific applications. Optical
measurement of CTD has been carried out for PAA structures both modified and not modified with nano-diamonds.
High resolution allows one to measure spatial inhomogeneities of thermophysical properties of PAA- films.
We investigate the generation and transformation of Bessel beams through linear and nonlinear optical crystals. We outline the generation of high-order vortices due to propagation of Bessel beams along the optical axis of uniaxial crystals and expand this to the nonlinear regime by outlining a new phase-matching process (full conical phase matching) in second harmonic generation of vector Bessel beams for various symmetries in uniaxial crystals. We demonstrate the principles experimentally in a uniaxial BBO crystal and find excellent agreement between the experimental and theoretical results. The results imply a coupling of the intrinsic and extrinsic optical angular momentum of the resulting fields, which may have importance in studies involving quantum entanglement of the angular momentum basis of light.
Some optical schemes for the production of conical beams with high cone angle and a quasi-uniform axial distribution of
the intensity have designed and a elaborated method of laser power delivery in heterogeneous stream are used for
nanopowder production and SLC process modification. The new principles of laser pulse generation are elaborated
and optical schemes for production of a volumetric laser beams, convergent spherical and cylindrical have been
designed. On the base of laser system developed and concept of quasitransparent first wall the reactor construction
design intent has been proposed.
Measuring the coefficient of thermal diffusion (CTD) of materials is a relatively complex problem. In this report novel
optical method for determining CTD is proposed which is based on an analysis of the spatial-temporal dynamics of the
speckle field. The proposed method for measuring the coefficient of thermal diffusion is based on the measurement of an
average speed of the speckle-field movement along the specimen surface. Due to statistical nature of speckles, their
movement must be also described statistically. Our approach consists in the use of correlation functions describing the
degree of change in a speckle-image of some element of the surface in the process of heating or cooling. The advantages
of the proposed method are: the technology is fully optical and thermal sensors are not needed, universal and can be
customized for specific applications, fast, non-contact and non-invasive; remote measurements from distances of up to
several meters or in hard-to-reach positions are possible. Optical measurement of CTD has been carried out for
investigation of thin multilayer and nanoporous structures, particularly, those of nanoporous anodic alumina. CTD has
been measured for nanoporous anodic alumina structures both modified and not modified with nano-diamonds. Modified
films have been established to have larger values of CTD. High resolution allows one to measure spatial inhomogeneities
of thermophysical properties of materials. The CTD has been measured along the surface of thin film as well as
perpendicular to it.
Linear and nonlinear processes of transferring optical singularities from anisotropic crystals onto the wavefront
of Bessel light beams (BLBs) are investigated. The generation of high-order vortices at the propagation of BLBs along
the optical axes of crystals was studied. Particularly, a nonlinear frequency doubling of Bessel vortices in the conditions
of new type synchronism (full conical phase-matching) is considered. This scheme of three-wave interactions of BLBs
based on that the spatial frequency cones of BLBs coincide with phase-matching cones of uniaxial crystals. New type of
frequency doubling of Bessel vortices has been experimentally realized in uniaxial crystals.
In this paper we present a mechanism for the generation of the superposition of higher-order Bessel beams, which
implements a ring slit aperture and spatial light modulator (SLM). Our experimental technique is also adapted to
generate nondiffracting speckle fields. We report on illuminating a ring slit aperture with light which has an azimuthal
phase dependence, such that the field produced is a superposition of two higher-order Bessel beams. In the case that the
phase dependence of the light illuminating the ring slit aperture is random, a nondiffracting speckle field is produced.
The experimentally produced fields are in good agreement with those calculated theoretically.
The spectrum of spatial frequencies (SFS) of Bessel beams properties emerging at their spatial localization is investigated. The case, when limiting aperture has a circular shape and a center at any distance from the optical axis, was studied. The Bessel beam local SFS was discovered to be radically changing at shifting the localization zone. Namely, a full ring transforms into a light arcs pair and its angular dimensions monotonically decreases as shift growth. The axis orientation of the spectrum maximal intensity coincides with the diaphragm shifting direction. The numerical modeling results agree well with the experiments.
In this paper we report on two resonator systems for producing LDBLBs with arbitrary initial parameters. First
resonator system is based on doublet of divergence and convergence lenses with spherical aberration. Second resonator
system is based on doublet of axicon and axicon-lens. For both resonator systems the LDBLB is output of fundamental
mode, but the spectral properties of obtaining LDBLBs are different.
A new type of Bessel-like optical beams, which is distinguished by the dependence on the cone angle from the
longitudinal coordinate, is investigated. Such beams have the properties of Bessel beams (ring-spatial spatial spectrum)
as well as Gaussian beams (keeping the transverse profile at any distances). This new type of beams can be obtained in
optical system composed of lens axicon doublet and conical lens. An experimental set-up for producing such beams is
realized. It is shown that depending on its parameters the scheme allows one to produce z-dependent Bessel-like beams,
whose spatial spectra change from Bessel function to shifted Gaussian one. It is establish theoretically and confirmed
experimentally that on-axial intensity of z-dependent Bessel-like beam could be higher than that of incident Gaussian beam.
A novel type of quasi-nondiffracting (elongated) speckle fields having the vortex structure of individual speckles is
investigated. A physical mechanism of forming the elongated vortex fields is established. Two optical schemes for
forming such fields are proposed and realized.
In the last years the investigations in the area of optics of Bessel and their associated conical beams are being shifted
from the domain of scientific research to the one of practical applications. This is appreciably due to new potentialities of
the practical use of these light fields, which are not realizable in the framework of traditional optics of Gaussian beams.
The spatio-angular properties of conical light beams are optimal to control the form and quality of surfaces close to
cylindrical and conical ones. This is related to the fact that a conical light beam enables one to realize the longitudinally
uniform illumination at a certain angle. The grazing-incidence geometry of illumination permits one to significantly
reduce the speckle noise in the field reflected and to extract, thereby, information on the macroscopic shape of the
surfaces.
In this work we develop two optical profilometers intended for non-destructive testing of objects having the form close
to the cylindrical one. In particular, a new scheme of vibration-proof laser profilometer based on using the superposition
of two conical beams is proposed. A laboratory optical setup of the profilometer is designed. The developed device
includes two ring diaphragm as a basic element for crating two conical light beams. One of these beams serves as a
reference beam and the second - as an object one. As a result, the independent reference arm has been removed and a
single-arm scheme has been realized. The conical beams are spatially separated so that one beam illuminates the
cylindrical surface and another beam is freely propagates. Due to a single-arm configuration, this profilometer is noted
for a high mechanical stability. The experimental testing of the laboratory setup has confirmed this property of the
device.
The methods of eliminating the systematic errors and the misalignment aberrations are developed. The conical beam -
based profilometer applies to controlling various cylindrical and conical samples including the roller bearings. It is
shown that the single-arm profilometer is suitable for testing the roller bearings, because it is vibration-proof and also
provides an enough measuring accuracy. Besides, this type of profilometers is not time consuming, which allows the online
control of bearings.
The detailed theoretical and experimental investigations of the self-reconstruction of the structure of Bessel beams in various scattering media, including biological tissue, have been carried out. Also the self- reconstruction of Bessel beam after shadowing with single obstacle is studied. Using conical beams, the peculiarities of speckle contrast imaging of subsurface targets embedded into highly scattering media have been investigated.
A new method of formation of radially and azimuthally polarized Bessel light beams has been proposed and experimentally realised. This method is based on interaction of radiation with layered periodic medium, including defect impurity - a layer of an uniaxial material. It has been shown that it is possible to control this process by changing the cone angle of the incident Bessel light beam.
We present our results of the development of some schemes for nondestructive optical profilometry of cylindrically shaped surfaces by using spatially matched conical light beams. A theoretical model is elaborated which describes profilometers with Bessel beams. A special feature of the profilometers proposed is the possibility to control their sensitivity and resolution. To this end, a scheme of tuning the cone angle of the Bessel beam over a wide range is incorporated. The operation regime of the profilometers is characterized by a nonzero spatial frequency of output signal. It allow us to apply a new algorithm for the interpretation of the output signal. This algorithm consists in the calculation of the azimuth spectrum which characterizes the deviation of tested profiles from the circular ones.
A method of transformation of Bessel light beams (BLBs) with an arbitrary cone angle into beams having radially (ρ-) and azimuthally (φ- ) polarization is suggested and elaborated. This method is based on the use of interaction of radiation with a periodical medium having defect inclusion in the form of an anisotropic layer. It is shown that owing to variation of parameters of defect inclusions one can realise a controllable effect on interference maxima of transmission of the periodical medium. Due to the phase difference of orthogonal polarized eigen waves of in passing through every period of the medium, photonic band gaps (PBGs), corresponding to different eigen waves, are splitting and shifting with respect to each other. Such a shift can result in the overlapping of regions of significant reflection of one eigen mode with a region of high transmission of another eigen wave. This enables one to separate and consequently spatially select radially and azimuthally polarized Bessel light beams. An advantage of the suggested method of formation of ρ- and φ- polarized BLBs is the possibility of its realization for any wavelength. This is easily attained by tuning the cone angle of the incident circularly polarized BLB.
The scheme for obtaining quadri-beams is studied theoretically and experimentally. In this scheme the quadri- beam is obtained from the plane wave or Gaussian beams using two biprisms. Using optical elements with different number of reflecting planes one can obtain the beams with complex symmetric intensity patterns. The second harmonic generation by quadri-beams is experimentally investigated. The theoretical explanation of the obtained spatial distribution of second harmonic radiation is given.
A new solution of Maxwell equations corresponding to elliptical Bessel beams has been obtained. The polarization of the elliptical light beam and the structure of its Fourier spectrum have been determined and the energy flux has been calculated. Nonlinear polarization has been found and a system of reduced equations for the process of generation of a second harmonic elliptical beam has been obtained.
A new theoretical model of SRS for a Bessel pump beam is presented. The experimentally observed regularities of SRS, concerning the formation of output patterns an nearly diffraction-limited axial Stokes beam are explained within the framework of this model. The model represents the Stokes radiation as a superposition of partial Bessel modes if a cylindrical waveguide is formed by a pump beam.
New methods for production of pseudo-nondiffracting Bessel light beams with phase singularities of different topological charge have been developed and proved experimentally. It is found out that nonlinear-optical processes of frequency doubling and sum-frequency generation allow to control formation and annihilation of dislocations. The possibility of realization of arithmetic operations using this principle is proved. When Gaussian beam interferes with M-order Bessel beam having M-order dislocation, the dislocation disintegrates on M parallel quasi-nondiffracting beams packed compactly. Rotating of optical beams aggregate on required angle takes place when phase difference between interfering fields is modulated. New principle of optical inter-connections is proposed on this base.
The practical methods of formation of multi-ring and multi- beam gradient light fields are proposed and experimentally realized. These methods are based on the use of crystals, refracting elements with different configurations, and special optical resonators. The obtained gradient light fields have geometrically regular spatial intensity distributions and different types of symmetry. The process of second harmonic generation with gradient light fields was investigated. Gradient light fields and their second harmonic have promising perspectives both for optical information processing and for some technologies, such as cool particles control in nanotechnologies, operations with organic cell and its components, local radiation material processing, and production of some periodic structures.
A method for determining the mode composition a of laser radiation with Bessel mode structure is developed, which includes measurement of intensity distribution and solution of systems of the algebraic equations for amplitudes and phases of partial beams corresponding to different Bessel modes. A method of laser beam quality analysis utilizing a simple optical scheme composed of a telescope, axicon, and microscope is proposed and verified experimentally.
The spatial structure and polarization of evanescent Bessel light beams excited in an optically less dense medium in conditions of total internal reflection is investigated in detail. TH- and TE-polarized Bessel beams and also their linear superposition are considered. The Pointing vector of evanescent BLBs are calculated. An existence of azimuthal and radial components of the energy flow and also of its z- component, oscillating with the radial coordinate, is established. The structure of the central maximum of a zero- order evanescent BLB is investigated and its diameter is shown being able to be reduced to submicron sizes.
Linear and nonlinear processes of generation and transformation of optical vortices in crystals were investigated. New universal methods for production of Bessel light beams with optical vortices of the first, second and higher order by means of uniaxial and biaxial crystals were proposed. Light beams with optical vortices of topological charge +/- 1 and +/- 2 are experimentally obtained using KTP and HIO3 (iodic acid) biaxial crystals. We studied type II second harmonic generation by Bessel beams with optical vortices in nonlinear crystals. Results of investigation of the processes of Bessel light vortex order doubling, transfer of vortex to the second harmonic radiation, and annihilation of optical vortices with the opposite signa are presented.
We propose a method of rotation of higher-order Bessel light beams based on controlling phase difference between the interfering Bessel beam and a super-Gaussian or annular beam coaxial with it. TO realize the optically-controlled rotation of light field, a phase modulator based on quadratic or cubic nonlinearities can be used.
New type of Maxwell equations solutions for nonparaxial surface Bessel light beams is investigated. TH-polarized field on the boundary of two adjacent media and in slab waveguides is studied. Dispersion equations for surface waves are obtained and analyzed. The conditions for existence of surface Bessel beams are determined.
We present a new scheme of optical resonator for production of Bessel and Bessel-Gauss beams. This resonator, employing only spherical mirrors and axicons, does not contain any complicated optical elements. Analytical expressions relating parameters of resonator and characteristics of its modes are obtained and analyzed. Diffraction energy losses are calculated with Fox-Li algorithm, and modal discrimination is studied.
We have studied, both theoretically and experimentally, the doubling of topological charge of dislocations of Bessel light beams, transfer of a dislocation to a second harmonic radiation without change of its topological charge, and annihilation of screw dislocations of the opposite sign.
A new method for obtaining high-order Bessel light beams has been developed and proved theoretically and experimentally. It is based on the phenomenon of transformation of circularly polarized light beam passing through biaxial crystal along its binormal. The method can provide conversion of input Gaussian beam into Bessel beam with an almost 100% efficiency. Besides this method can be used to convert high-intensity laser beams. The light field having the cross distribution in the form of spiral is obtained from the first order Bessel light beams. A possibility of formation of the zeroth and the first order Bessel light beam from Gaussian light beam in biaxial crystal without axicon is investigated theoretically.
Parametric generation of light at pumping by Bessel light beam has been investigated. Advantages of such pumping over the use of Gaussian light beams have been revealed. A theory of azimuth-matched nonlinear interaction of Bessel light beams has been developed. It is shown that at such an interaction in the parametric generator the maximum coupling coefficient is realized and no destruction of the spatial structure of introcavity fields at high coefficients of conversion occurs. This opens up the possibility of increasing the energy conversion coefficient of the input Bessel beam compared to the Gaussian beam.
The parameters of anisotropy and gyrotropy area are shown to exist in biaxial gyrotropic crystals, where local sites of wave vectors surface in the vicinity of optical axis directions have negative or zero curvature. In these directions effects of focusing and diffractionless propagation of light beams occur. At Gaussian beams example a number of focusing and diffractionless propagation schemes are presented. The description of the new type of nondiffracting light beams (spatial solitons) in photorefractive crystals in the case of phase shifted diffraction gratings is given.
Here we present further development of methods for forming laser beams with uniform output amplitude distribution and present a new intracavity scheme of making them. The resonator we submit for consideration is based on Fourier and Talbot reproduction of the field and therefore is called a Talbot-Fourier Resonator.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.