Ms. Phophi Madzivhandila Profile

Phophi Madzivhandila

at Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

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Proceedings Article | 24 January 2019 Paper

Development of a printed paper-based origami electrochemical sensor for the detection of heavy metals in water

Phophi Madzivhandila, Suzanne Smith, Letta Ntuli, Kevin Land

Proceedings Volume 11043, 110430H (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2322333

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Chromatography, Metals, Lead, Printing, Cadmium, Microfluidics, Computer aided design, Water, Ions

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This paper presents a printed paper-based origami electrochemical sensor for the detection of heavy metals in water. Heavy metal contamination in water has significant health risks and environmental complications. The detection is typically performed in a laboratory with lengthy result turnaround times. Paper-based detection provides an ideal platform on which to develop solutions to address these challenges, particularly for under-resourced settings, as it is inexpensive, disposable, and can be deployed at the point-of-need to provide rapid results for environmental and disease control. The paper-based origami device was successfully fabricated using wax printing techniques to print the hydrophobic barriers and screen printing techniques to print the three-electrode electrochemical sensor on chromatography paper. An origami design enables enhanced fluidic control to be achieved, as the porous paper structure facilitates flow, and filters out all potential debris in the sample before reaching the sensor. Vertical as well as horizontal fluidic flow is realized using the folding origami design, allowing for better filtering of debris. The results demonstrate the filtering of debris from dirty water and the detection of parts per billion levels of lead and cadmium ions in buffer solution on a single two-dimensional electrochemical sensor printed on chromatography paper. The detection results of lead and cadmium ions on chromatography paper were compared to commercially available screen-printed ceramic electrochemical sensors. The proposed paper-based origami electrochemical sensor device with fluidic handling capabilities demonstrates a simple, low-cost, disposable paper device suitable for the detection of heavy metals in water samples.

Proceedings Article | 24 January 2019 Paper

Printed, flexible wireless temperature logging system

Suzanne Smith, Phophi Madzivhandila, Adelaide Oberholzer, Kevin Land, Jan Korvink, Dario Mager

Proceedings Volume 11043, 110430I (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2500747

KEYWORDS: Printing, Antennas, Sensors, Temperature metrology, Adhesives, Electronics, Manufacturing, Environmental monitoring, Silver

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The internet of things (IoT) has resulted in accelerated development of intelligent and connected devices. Important modules include those for monitoring of environmental parameters and sensors for health diagnostic applications. Flexible, low-cost implementations are desirable towards free-form, customizable and disposable solutions for sensing and wireless connectivity. This work presents a flexible, low-cost, printed wireless temperature logger, utilizing a sensing radio frequency identification (RFID) integrated circuit (IC). The temperature logger devices were screen printed and assembled on low-cost, flexible vinyl adhesive substrates for ease of mounting on to a variety of surfaces and objects, and were tested with both coin cell batteries and screen printed primary batteries designed and manufactured in-house. The SL900A RFID IC (AMS, Austria) has internal features to monitor temperature and battery voltage. The chip was set up to log the battery voltage and the temperature over different time frames in controlled temperature environments to test the reliability of the temperature readouts. In addition, logging of the battery voltage levels enabled the performance of the printed batteries to be assessed. The results showed accurate readings over 4 days for both coin cell and printed batteries without limiting the data logging capabilities. The printed wireless temperature logger shows promise towards all-printed, low-cost solutions for environmental monitoring using an integrated and connected device approach with on-board power.

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