There is an increasing demand for optical elements having the functionalities of hybrid devices, such as the combination of a Fresnel lens and a diffraction grating. These new devices can be used in many applications, such as in optical spectrometers, optical precision measurement systems and diffractive optical systems for enhancing the efficiency of third generation photovoltaic solar cells. There is also a growing need for developments of a cost-effective technology to fabricate compact optical devices. Therefore the motivation of our project is to find a new model of the G-Fresnel (i.e. grating and Fresnel lens) taking into account the utilization of the electromagnetic theory for the rigorous analysis of its behavior. In this paper, a novel method is proposed and employed to design a G-Fresnel device that has only one structure layer with subwavelength features, and that focuses and separates different bands of light spectra in the same focal plane. The device performance has been studied through the use of rigorous electromagnetic theory, by using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) for the study of the near field and the Angular Spectrum Method (ASM) for the study of the propagation in the far field. The optimal design of the G-Fresnel profiles depends on the profile of the Fresnel lenses that minimize the longitude chromatic aberration, and also on the diffraction grating with high first order diffraction efficiency. The verification of the G-Fresnel model that we propose shows high diffraction efficiency and a good performance in separation for a broadband light spectrum. This promising G-Fresnel model could be used to increase the efficiency of third generation photovoltaic cells.
This paper gives a brief historical review of the development of optical computing from the early years, 60 years ago,
until today. All the major inventions in the field were made in the sixties, generating a lot of enthusiasm. However it is
between 1980 and 2000, that optical computing had its golden age with numerous new technologies and innovating
optical processors been designed and constructed for real applications. Today the field of optical computing has evolved
and its results benefit to new research topics such as nanooptics, biophotonics, or communication systems.
Electrically addressed spatial light modulators (SLM) are widely used in optical image processors to display not only
input images but also a huge variety of optical components such as lenses, complex filters and other diffractive elements.
These components are fully programmable and dynamically controllable by computer thus bringing flexibility and new
degrees of freedom to current optical and digital image processors. A good characterization is the most important step in
the SLM initialization. The quality and effectiveness of the optical component addressed to the SLM strongly depends on
the knowledge of the device response. This work deals with the spatial and temporal characterizations of reflective zerotwist
liquid-crystal on silicon (LCoS) SLM. The signal is spatially modified before addressing it to the LCoS SLM to
compensate for the distortions internally introduced by the device. For time varying optical components, the signal is
also modified before addressing it to the LCoS SLM to compensate for the distortions internally introduced by the device
when phase variations of 2π are required at high rate. Experimental results and applications in image processing are
shown.
Images describing polarimetric characteristics of objects are more and more used when studying complex scenes. In some cases, only the depolarization phenomenon, mostly due to scattering, proves of interest and estimating the degree of polarization (DOP) is sufficient. For a linearly polarized beam under normal incidence, when the materials in the scene exhibit neither birefringence nor dichroism, this comes down to an intensity measurement in two crossed directions. Nevertheless, the classical optical setup, consisting mainly of a rotating polarizer used as a polarization state analyzer, gives good-quality images, but cannot provide dynamic information. In this paper, we propose to use a ferroelectric liquid-crystal modulator in an imaging polarimeter. We demonstrate the use of this modulator as a polarization state analyzer for frame rates up to about 400 Hz. Provided a fast camera is used, we show that the polarimeter allows us to surpass the classical video frame rate. We propose a setup using a rapid CCD camera (up to 233 Hz). Images in DOP are of very high quality and hold their own against images obtained with a classical polarizer. With a faster camera, we were able to obtain images at up to 400 Hz.
We present the characterization of a pure phase reflective liquid crystal spatial light modulator. This modulator is
electrically addressed and is based on nematic liquid crystal. Its performance in terms of frame rate, phase modulation
versus gray level and wavefront distortion is experimentally evaluated. It is shown that after adding phase compensation
and applying an appropriate Look-Up-Table, this spatial light modulator is an excellent candidate for applications such
as dynamic diffractive optical elements, wavefront generation and dynamic zoom lens.
Imaging polarimetry through evaluation of the degree of polarization of light can give much information about complex scenes. A classic optical set-up usually consists in using a rotating polarizer or a tunable phase modulator as a polarization state analyzer. In this study, we implement an imaging polarimeter using a ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator as a polarization state analyzer able to run at 1000 Hz. This way, our polarimeter can overcome the classic limit of 50 Hz, provided that the camera is fast enough. Our polarimeter is compared with classical systems which use rotating polarizers.
An original compact test method of studying the influence of a modified Nd:YAG laser beam irradiation at the unusual wavelength of λ = 1.3 μm on IR-Ge-windows is investigated: optical parameters such as transmission loss, surface temperature during the laser irradiation, morphological deformation, and damage thresholds are measured in real time and compared with theoretical simulations. To study the thermal-mechanical relationship of the laser-matter interaction, an original pyrometer array is developed for the temperature-profile measurement and an original deformation experimental set-up, including a "line generator", is introduced. The damage behaviour of germanium at the wavelength of λ = 1.3 μm is also presented in this paper.
One coherent processor and one incoherent processor, both including an active contour optical implementation were constructed and are presented. The coherent processor consists of a complete optical target tracking processor combining a Joint Transform Correlator with an optical implementation of a segmentation method based on active contours or "snakes". The incoherent processor is an optoelectronic multichannel processor that is able to segment an object in a real image. The process is based on an active contour algorithm that has been transposed to optics in order to accelerate image processing. The correlator, in its multichannel version, speeds up the overall frame rate of the optoelectronic processor. Experimental results for both processors are presented.
We present the implementation of dynamic Diffractive Optical Elements on three different types of commercially available liquid crystal spatial light modulators, each of them featuring a different modulation capability. The one using Twisted-Nematic liquid crystal exhibits coupled amplitude and phase modulation, the one using analog Ferroelectric liquid crystal a pure amplitude modulation and the one using Nematic liquid crystal a pure phase modulation. Based on experimental results, the performance of these three devices is compared.
An original compact test method of studying the influence of a modified Nd:YAG laser beam irradiation at λ = 1.32 μm on an IR-Ge window has been investigated: optical parameters, surface temperature, morphological deformation have been measured in real time and compared with theoretical simulations.
We present the optical implementation of dynamic diffractive optical elements on different types of commercially available spatial light modulators; one using twisted-nematic liquid crystals, one using analog ferro-electric liquid crystals and one using a matrix of micromirrors. Experimental results are shown and the various implementations are compared.
A complete target tracking processor including a segmentation method based on active contours or "snakes" has been optically implemented and its behavior has been evaluated. The purpose of this segmentation method is to darken the background in order to avoid its disruptive influence on tracking. The optical processor includes a Joint Transform correlator (JTC) with improved performance since with the proposed method the target will appear with a maximum of details in the reference. The complete processor is very complex and depends on the technology of several photonic devices. It consists of three nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulators, a preprocessor using an optical high pass filter, two different channels separated by the polarization direction of the light, a holographic edge enhancement filter, an electromechanical iris diaphragm, a camera and several photodetectors. The complete optical tracking processor must exhibit a negligible response time compared to a tracking cycle. To meet this requirement, research was conducted into two directions -- the algorithms and the components. A new snake optimization criterion is introduced and two different tracking algorithms are compared. The parameters of each component are studied and optimized, and their influences on the performance of the optical processor in terms of speed and tracking accuracy are analyzed. A complete system level demonstration of target tracking is presented as a conclusion.
Spatial light Modulators (SLM) are key devices for the development of optical information processors. Low cost twisted nematic liquid crystal (TN-LC) SLM's are widely available and their characteristics have been extensively studied. Beside the fact that they exhibit a coupled amplitude and phase modulation, their speed is limited to approximately the video frame rate. An alternative to TN-LC devices can be the use of analog ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) devices. These devices now commercially available produce a gray level pure amplitude modulation at typical frame rates of 1 kHz. In order to determine its coding capabilities and its limitations, the characterization of such a device, manufactured by Boulder Nonlinear Systems Inc., is presented in this paper. This SLM has a resolution of 512 by 512 pixels with a pitch of 15 μm and has a reflective VLSI backplane. The study of its potential applications for the display of dynamic diffractive optical elements and also as a component of an optical processor for pattern recognition will be followed by experimental results and comparisons with TNLC devices.
This paper presents an incoherent optoelectronic processor which is able to segment an object in a real image. The process, based on active contours (snakes), consists in correlating adaptive binary references with the scene image or with a preprocessed version of the scene image. The proposed optical implementation of algorithms which are already operational numerically opens attractive perspectives as far as speed is concerned. Furthermore, this experiment is a new application for optical processors.
In this paper, we propose a unified approach for the multicriteria design of diffractive optics. A multicriteria version of the Direct Binary Search that allows the user to tune the compromise between diffraction efficiency and Signal to Noise Ratio already exists. This technique proves extremely powerful but also very time consuming. We extend this multicriteria approach to IFTA, which permits to dramatically reduce the computation times, especially for multilevel domains.
Many implementations of computer generated holograms (CGH’s) or diffractive optical elements (DOE’s) onto spatial light modulators (SLM’s) have already been considered. In this paper, we first review the various types of SLM’s available for DOE’s and the implementations of DOE’s onto SLM’s already reported in the literature. Then we investigate the point in displaying DOE’s onto SLM’s that couple phase and amplitude modulations, such as twisted nematic-liquid crystal displays (TN-LCD's): we provide computer simulations as well as experimental results.
We present a study on a high-speed optoelectronic system for implementing space variant transforms (SVT) in image and signal processing using a Hough Transform (HT) as an example. The HT has been found to be highly useful in applications requiring detection of lines, ellipses and hyperbolic shapes, such as radar detection and data fusion, topographical map analysis, etc. However, the implementation of a SVT such as HT, is computation and memory intensive, e.g. HT of an image of dimension N X N requires greater than N3 operations. All-electronic systems remain inadequate when real time SVT processing of large data sets is required. In this paper we show that an optoelectronic (OE) system employing parallel processing can perform such SVT requiring on the order of only N steps. We show that our proposed OE system can HT an input image of dimension N equals 1024 in 2.1 ms.
The complete knowledge of geometrical parameters of a periodically modulated material is of great scientific interest, because it allows the user to determine the diffracted image. The modulation profile or the thickness of a phase holographic grating are two of these parameters. They can be determined a posteriori by the measurement of the intensities distribution over different orders, with a comparison of the theoretical and measured angular or spectral selectivities. This method involves a large number of measurements. We propose a new approach, which most of the time needs only one measurement of intensity and polarization (for each of the diffracted orders). The great advantage of the method is the processing of tedious tasks by computers.
We compare various techniques for the implementation of correlation filters in the 4f architecture and demonstrate that oversampling certain parts of the filters can improve performance.
An optical implementation of the Hough transform (HT) based on a matrix of 64 X 64 four-level phase computer generated holograms is described. The HT holograms are designed using a novel algorithm that combines the high speed of convergence of iterative Fourier algorithm with the high precision of the direct binary search algorithm. The matrix of holograms was fabricated using standard microfabrication techniques: E-beam lithography, photolithography and chemically assisted ion beam etching. The fabricated elements were characterized experimentally and used in the HT processor, demonstrating practical application examples as real-time straight line, ellipse, circle detection, and other pattern recognition tasks.
We propose to characterize various coding domains for the joint transform correlator. To achieve that, optimal trade- off filters have ben computed and then optimally constrained to given coding domains with an algorithm we have developed. Then, these coding domains have been evaluated in relation to the trade-offs they achieve.
We previously proposed and implemented a joint transform correlator (JTC) using an optimal trade-off synthetic discriminant function (OT-SDF) filter in order to provide in-plane rotation ivariance. We propose to improve that system by using what we call a synthetic discriminant estimating function (SDEF) filter which also estimates the object rotation angle (without degrading the discrimination capability) through modulating the phase of the correlation peak. Most SDFs/SEFs (synthetic estimating filters) which were real-constrained so far, used the correlation peak height both to determine the object class and to estimate the varying parameter (here the rotation angle); a single correlation could be ambiguous and was not suffiicient. We propose to use the amplitude of the correlation peak only for the discrimination and its phase (which was a free parameter up to now) to indicate the object orientation: we constrain the correlation peak modulus as before, but also constrain the correlation peak phase to be a linear function of the input object rotation angel. Now, discrimination and orientation estimation can be performed simultaneously.
A motionless head 2-D parallel readout system for optical disks is presented. The system is designed to read data blocks encoded as 1-D Fourier holograms distributed radially on the disk active surface. Such systems offer several advantages: high data rates, low retrieval times, and simple implementation. It is used as the secondary storage of a high performance optoelectronic associative memory system.
An all optical joint transform correlator using a nonlinear optically addressed ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator (OASLM) is presented. A modification of the nonlinearity characteristic is obtained by simply changing such driving parameters as the amplitude or duration of the voltage applied to the OASLM. The role of those parameters in implementing optically the nonlinear step of the correlator has been investigated here.
A motionless head 2-D parallel readout system for optical disks is presented. The system is designed to read data blocks encoded as 1-D Fourier holograms distributed radially on the disk active surface. Such systems offer several advantages: high data rates, low retrieval times, and simple implementation. It is used as the secondary storage of a high performance optoelectronic associative memory system.
High data rates, low retrieval times, and simple implementation are presently shown to be obtainable by means of a motionless-head 2D parallel-readout system for optical disks. Since the optical disk obviates mechanical head motions for access, focusing, and tracking, addressing is performed exclusively through the disk''s rotation. Attention is given to a high-performance associative memory system configuration which employs a parallel readout disk.
We propose the optical imp1enntation of inference machines based on multilayer networks using optically adressed bistable spatial light modulator coupled with computer generated hologram matrices. 1.
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