Removal of old deteriorated varnish layers from an easel painting is one of the most common but also most delicate restoration treatments. Apart from purely mechanical methods various solvents or mixtures of solvents have been used for this task over the last hundred years. Most often these chemicals were applied mechanically by swabbing, but also in a form of gels. However, the resulting formation of secondary and detrimental effects (such as swelling, leaching, solvent retention as well as high toxicity to the user) forced the development of new cleaning methodologies, aimed to overcome these drawbacks, guaranteeing a safe and effective removal of the damaged material. The aim of this paper is to discuss the applicability of optical coherence tomography for a multi-faceted and complementary assessment of different varnish removal processes, including the application of a novel nanogel system, the PHB-GVL. Since some effects, like swelling, may develop in a time span of hours, which is not a typical examination time for OCT, long-lasting stability of the measurement system had been ensured. For this task, a lab-developed high-resolution OCT instrument (3 µm axial resolution in the air) was adopted and the repeatability of surface recognition of 1.5 μm over 17 hours was achieved. This permitted for tracing of swelling effects in a multi-hour scale. The most desirable effect of such a restoration treatment is the removal of varnish without any alteration to the paint layer underneath. With the use of OCT, it was possible to trace this process by a direct comparison of the topography of the paint layer under varnish (before treatment) and after treatment. The results pointing at superior properties of the PHB-GVL nanogel applied with an electrospun polymeric tissue will be presented.
Madonna dei Fusi (‘Madonna of the Yarnwider’) is a spectacular example of Italian Renaissance painting, attributed to Leonardo da Vinci. The aim of this study is to give an account of past restoration procedures. The evidence of a former retouching campaign will be presented with cross-sectional images obtained non-invasively with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Specifically, the locations of overpaintings/retouchings with respect to the original paint layer and secondary varnishes will be given. Additionally, the evidence of a former transfer of the pictorial layer to the new canvas support by detecting the presence of its structure incised into paint layer will be shown.
KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Visualization, Real time imaging, Data processing, Doppler tomography, Data acquisition, Graphics processing units, Cameras, 3D image processing, Doppler effect
In this report the application of graphics processing unit (GPU) programming for real-time 3D Fourier domain Optical Coherence Tomography (FdOCT) imaging with implementation of Doppler algorithms for visualization of the flows in capillary vessels is presented. Generally, the time of the data processing of the FdOCT data on the main processor of the computer (CPU) constitute a main limitation for real-time imaging. Employing additional algorithms, such as Doppler OCT analysis, makes this processing even more time consuming. Lately developed GPUs, which offers a very high computational power, give a solution to this problem. Taking advantages of them for massively parallel data processing, allow for real-time imaging in FdOCT. The presented software for structural and Doppler OCT allow for the whole processing with visualization of 2D data consisting of 2000 A-scans generated from 2048 pixels spectra with frame rate about 120 fps. The 3D imaging in the same mode of the volume data build of 220 × 100 A-scans is performed at a rate of about 8 frames per second. In this paper a software architecture, organization of the threads and optimization applied is shown. For illustration the screen shots recorded during real time imaging of the phantom (homogeneous water solution of Intralipid in glass capillary) and the human eye in-vivo is presented.
The authors present the application of graphics processing unit (GPU) programming for real-time three-dimensional (3-D) Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FdOCT) imaging with implementation of flow visualization algorithms. One of the limitations of FdOCT is data processing time, which is generally longer than data acquisition time. Utilizing additional algorithms, such as Doppler analysis, further increases computation time. The general purpose computing on GPU (GPGPU) has been used successfully for structural OCT imaging, but real-time 3-D imaging of flows has so far not been presented. We have developed software for structural and Doppler OCT processing capable of visualization of two-dimensional (2-D) data (2000 A-scans, 2048 pixels per spectrum) with an image refresh rate higher than 120 Hz. The 3-D imaging of 100×100 A-scans data is performed at a rate of about 9 volumes per second. We describe the software architecture, organization of threads, and optimization. Screen shots recorded during real-time imaging of a flow phantom and the human eye are presented.
KEYWORDS: Digital image correlation, 3D metrology, Sensors, Finite element methods, 3D modeling, Data modeling, Metals, Structural engineering, Cameras, Cultural heritage
Optics as the enabling technology is applied in many applications of engineering, medicine, multimedia and conservation
of cultural heritage. Most of these applications require close cooperation with the end user and often they enforce
modification and enhancement of an optical tool. In the paper we show how optical metrology, specifically the
application of digital image correlation method is implemented to two completely different tasks: performing preoperating
tests of low cost building structures subjected to loading conditions which simulate the natural load e.g.
introduced by the weight of snow and monitoring of canvas paintings for tracking humidity-induced deformations,
which may appear in museum (or other location of a piece of art e.g. church).
The presented examples are the background for a general discussion on different measurement scenarios with application
of DIC method, as well as the required enhancements and modifications which have been introduced.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast non-contact and non-invasive technique for examination of objects
consisting of transparent or semitransparent layers. Since it is a useful tool for inspection of Hinterglasmalerei paintings,
the aim of the experiment was to explore its feasibility for monitoring of the consolidation process, which plays the most
important role in the conservation treatment of such artefacts.
KEYWORDS: Digital image correlation, Humidity, 3D image processing, Climatology, Cameras, 3D modeling, 3D metrology, Climate change, 3D acquisition, Data modeling
A non-invasive and non-contact optical method for tracking overall and local deformations of canvas painting is
presented. The technique was tested on a model painting on canvas with inhomogeneities introduced by infilling gaps,
mending tears, and applying patches on the reverse of the canvas. The deformation of the sample was induced by
changes of relative humidity. The feasibility of 3D Digital Image Correlation technique for evaluation of conservation
methods is discussed.
KEYWORDS: Data processing, Optical coherence tomography, Visualization, Data acquisition, Real time imaging, Graphics processing units, Imaging systems, Parallel processing, 3D acquisition, Image processing
In this contribution we describe a specialised data processing system for Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT)
biomedical imaging which utilises massively parallel data processing on a low-cost, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). One
of the most significant limitations of SOCT is the data processing time on the main processor of the computer (CPU),
which is generally longer than the data acquisition. Therefore, real-time imaging with acceptable quality is limited to a
small number of tomogram lines (A-scans). Recent progress in graphics cards technology gives a promising solution of
this problem. The newest graphics processing units allow not only for a very high speed three dimensional (3D)
rendering, but also for a general purpose parallel numerical calculations with efficiency higher than provided by the
CPU. The presented system utilizes CUDATM graphic card and allows for a very effective real time SOCT imaging. The
total imaging speed for 2D data consisting of 1200 A-scans is higher than refresh rate of a 120 Hz monitor. 3D rendering
of the volume data build of 10 000 A-scans is performed with frame rate of about 9 frames per second. These frame rates
include data transfer from a frame grabber to GPU, data processing and 3D rendering to the screen. The software
description includes data flow, parallel processing and organization of threads. For illustration we show real time high
resolution SOCT imaging of human skin and eye.
In this contribution a proof of concept for the alternate way of twofold increasing the axial resolution of Optical
Coherence Tomography systems is shown. On the contrary to expanding the bandwidth of the light source, the number
of passes of light between sample and the Michelson interferometer is increased. In two simplified novel configurations
of Spectral OCT devices designed for this research, the interferometer is equipped with polarization controlling elements
in order to force light to pass the distance from the beam splitter to the sample four times: during the first pass the initial
linear polarization of the probing beam is converted to the perpendicular one and on return to the interferometer
deflected by the polarization sensitive beam splitter towards the additional mirror reflecting it back to the sample. After
the second pass the state of polarization is changed again and restored to the initial one in order to interfere with the
reference beam. As a result in both set-ups optical paths difference between both arms of the Michelson interferometer is
twofold longer comparing to the standard system. This results in two times smaller axial calibration coefficient and
finally twofold increase of an effective axial resolution for the same coherence length of the light source. In the paper the
experimental evidences are given and limitations of the method discussed.
In this contribution we describe an apparatus for precise laser ablation of delicate layers, like varnish on pictures. This
specific case is very demanding. First of all any changes in colour of remaining varnish layer as well as underneath paint
layers are unacceptable. This effect may be induced photochemically or thermically. In the first case strong absorption of
the radiation used will eliminate its influence on underlying strata. The thermal effect is limited to so called heat affected
zone (HAZ). In addition to colour change, a mechanical damage caused by overheating of the structure adjacent to
ablated region should be considered also. All kinds of treads must be carefully eliminated in order to make laser ablation
of varnish commonly accepted alternative to chemical and/or mechanical treatments [1].
Since the varnish ablation process is obviously irreversible its effective monitoring is very important to make it safe and
trusted. As we showed previously [2-6] optical coherence tomography (OCT) originated from medicine diagnostic method
for examination and imaging of cross-sections of weakly absorbing objects can be used for this task. OCT utilises infrared
light for non-invasive structure examination and has been under consideration for the examining of objects of art since 2004
[7-10]. In this case the in-depth (axial) resolution is obtained by means of interference of light of high spatial (to ensure
sensitivity) and very low temporal coherence (to ensure high axial resolution). In practice, IR sources of bandwidths from
25 to 150 nm are utilised. Resolutions obtained range from 15 down to 2 μm in the media of refracting index equal 1.5.
In this contribution we expand application of OCT to space resolved determination of ablation rates, separately for every
point of examined area. Such data help in better understanding of the ablation process, fine tuning the laser and finally
permit increase of the safety of the ablation process.
In this contribution preliminary studies on the application of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to absolute depth
calibration of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) data in application to revealing stratigraphy of easel
paintings are presented. The procedure of in-situ monitoring of LIBS by means of OCT is described. Numerical method
developed for precise extraction of the depth of the LIBS ablation crater is explained. Results obtained with model
paintings are discussed.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an interferometric method utilising light of low temporal coherence for noninvasive
structural imaging of objects weakly absorbing and scattering light. In this contribution, using various examples
of images of objects made of glass affected by the atmospheric corrosion and/or by crizzling, we demonstrate a software
developed in our laboratory specifically for 3D OCT imaging of samples with a fine structure. For this task we employed
the OpenGL platform (Open Graphics Library), an Application Programming Interface (API) for writing applications
dedicated to interactive 3D computer graphics. In our application we have utilized texture rendering with a modulation of
transparency and a colour as a function of elevation.
In this contribution the application of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) for non-invasive structural imaging of easel paintings will be presented. Since the technique permits imaging semi-transparent layers accessible for infrared light, the varnish and glaze layers are usually under investigation. The major emphasis will be laid on application of OCT to resolving specific conservation problems, arising during the restoration process. The examples of imaging multilayer varnishes and subsequent alterations will be given and the application of these images for authentication of inscriptions will be discussed. Since the thickness of imaged layers may be directly measured with OCT in completely non-destructive, quick and convenient way as many times as necessary, the application of the technique to generation of varnish thickness maps will be presented.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a new, fast-growing technique for non-contact and non-destructive imaging of
semi-transparent objects. It has been recently used for diverse applications in art conservation subject - among others it is
very well suited for varnish layer imaging and thus for monitoring of varnish removing process, including the laser
ablation. In this study we show how to use the OCT technique to obtain the information required for the optimisation of
the laser emission parameters like fluency and working regime, with respect to efficiency and safety of the ablation
process. We also demonstrate application of the Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT) for in-situ monitoring
of laser ablation of varnish layer. The frames from OCT tomographic movies demonstrating dynamic processes like
melting, resolidification and exfoliation of varnish layer are also presented.
Purpose: To show potential of Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography system for high resolution, cross-sectional
and three-dimensional imaging of eye surface pathologies. Methods:
High-speed spectral OCT prototype instrument with 4.5 &mgr;m axial resolution was designed and constructed
for clinical use. Measurements of anterior segment of human eye have been performed in ophthalmology clinic on 86
patients suffering various eye surface disorders including corneal dystrophies, corneal scars, conjunctival folds,
keratoconus, bullus keratopathy, filtration blebs and other post-operative changes. Additionally, examinations of
contact lens fit on 97 healthy corneas have been performed up to date. Results:
High quality, high resolution cross-sectional images and three-dimensional reconstructions of cornea,
conjunctiva and sclera of pathologic eyes together with examples of numerical analysis including segmentation of
fluid in filtration blebs, scars and deposits are shown. Quantitative analysis of contact lens fit is demonstrated.
Since many medical diagnostic methods are non-invasive and even non-contact, they are well suited for inspection of
fragile and unique objects of art. In art conservation it is a need for convenient and non-invasive method for monitoring
of removal of the varnish layer from paintings - one of the most crucial operations in their restoration. In this study we
present application of the Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT) for in-situ monitoring of the laser ablation of
the varnish layer. The examination of the ablation craters made with Er:YAG laser permits for the optimization of the
laser emission parameters like fluency and working regime, with respect to efficiency and safety of the ablation process.
Frames from the SOCT movies obtained during real time monitoring of the burning of the ablation crater are shown for
the first time.
The overview of the Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography an alternative method to more popular Time domain modality
is given. Examples from medical practice utilizing high resolution, ultra fast SOCT device are presented.
The aim of this article is to demonstrate an application of Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography SOCT for visualization of the anterior segment of the human eye. A SOCT system with an axial resolution of 4-6 μm and a lateral one of 10 μm provides tomograms composed of 3000 - 5000 A-scans when a total acquisition time of 100-250 ms is used to acquire tomograms. The quality of the images is adequate for detailed evaluation of the corneal structure and contact lens fit. Erosion of the epithelium, scars and lesions may be precisely localized. The design, shape and edge position of the contact lens, as well as other fitting relationships between the lens and the ocular surface, may be accurately assessed. The information provided by SOCT may be helpful in diagnosis, evaluation and documentation of corneal pathologies and contact lens complications.
In this contribution we demonstrate comparison between two high speed Spectral OCT instruments with different axial and identical transverse resolutions used for imaging of various retinal pathologies. Cross-sectional OCT images of higher axial resolution enable improved visualization of small focal lesions in the retina, which can be missed in standard resolution OCT measurements. Optimal parameters of SOCT clinical systems are discussed. We compare cross-sectional images of selected clinical cases of advanced retinal pathologies obtained with both instrument.
Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography is a new modality to be introduced in ophthalmology. It introduces several improvements such as real-time and 3-dimensional imaging, and possibility of tomographic films, due to high speed of imaging offered by the method. For the same reason -- 2-dimensional cross-sectional images now can be performed with higher sampling density, which increase the signal-to-noise ratio. We analyze advantages and possible problems which may arise with the high speed imaging.
In this study we show clinical application of Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT), which enables operation with 40 times higher speed than commercial Stratus OCT instrument. Using high speed SOCT instrument it is possible to collect more information and increase the quality of reconstructed cross-sectional retinal images. Two generations of compact and portable clinical SOCT instruments were constructed in Medical Physics Group at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Poland. The first SOCT instrument is a low-cost system operating with standard, 12 micrometer axial resolution and the second is high resolution system using combined superluminescent diodes light source, which enables imaging with 4.8 micrometer axial resolution. Both instruments have worked in Ophthalmology Clinic of Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz. During the study we have examined 44 patients with different pathologies of the retina including: Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC), Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV), Pigment Epithelial Detachment (PED), Macular Hole, Epiretinal Membrane, Outer Retinal Infarction etc. All these pathologies were first diagnosed by classical methods (like fundus camera imaging and angiography) and then examined with the aid of SOCT system. In this contribution we present examples of SOCT cross-sectional retinal imaging of pathologic eyes measured with standard resolution. We also compare cross-sectional images of pathology obtained by standard and high resolution systems.
Complex Spectral domain Optical Coherence Tomography (CSdOCT) produces images free of parasitic mirror component which results in twofold extension of the measurement range. Complete removal of this component requires exact knowledge of the introduced phase shifts, what is usually difficult to achieve. Presented method effectively removes the mirror image, even without the knowledge of the phases. The method is applicable to any variation of CSdOCT. The 'mirror image-free' tomograms of human anterior chamber in-vivo obtained with the aid of this approach are shown.
A method that allows removing irrelevant elements from raw SOCT images is discussed from a theoretical point of view and its efficiency is tested on a number of real objects. Described approach is based on induced macroscopic displacement of the reference mirror and does not rely on stability of phase of analyzed signals. It could be therefore a method of choice when phase stability is impossible to achieve like for vibrating or moving objects.
KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, In vivo imaging, Cornea, Eye, 3D image processing, Image quality, Iris, Ophthalmic imaging, 3D acquisition, Macula
Fast Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT) technique is used to perform cross sectional and three-dimensional ophthalmic images. Static, real-time and 3-D in vivo images of the human cornea, lens, iris, corneo-scleral junction, retinal layers, optic disc and macula lutea are presented. The ophthalmic application of SOCT is promising because this technique ensures fast acquisition with relatively low optical power of incident light. All demonstrated images are obtained with the aid of SOCT instrument, which was constructed in the optical laboratory of medical physics group at Nicolaus Copernicus University (Torun, Poland). What is to our knowledge there are the first good quality (>90dB sensitivity) ophthalmic OCT images obtained by technique, which is different than time domain OCT.
Speed improvement in the Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT) technique allows to obtain three-dimensional images in vivo in time that does not cause discomfort to a patient. The device allows high speed imaging at 64 μs per line (15,000 A-scans/s) with less than 200 μW light power on the surface of the eye. Three alternative methods of 3-D presentations are demonstrated for images of a pupil and human skin in vivo.
Structural changes within the anterior chamber angle of the human eye may lead to serious problems with vision. Unfortunately this part of the eye is difficult to examine and special devices have been developed to make it possible. Optical Coherence Tomography is an alternative technique for imaging of the anterior chamber angle. In this paper we show that the Fourier domain version of OCT is a promising tool in different types of imaging of the corneo-scleral junction. Cross-sectional static, dynamic and three dimensional images of the human anterior chamber angle in-vivo are presented.
Complex Spectral Optical Tomography (CSOCT) in comparison to ordinary SOCT produces images free of parasitic mirror terms which results in double extension of the measurement range. This technique, however, requires the exact knowledge about the values of the introduced phase shifts in consecutive measurements. Involuntary object movements, which shift the phase from one measurement to another are always present in in vivo experiments. This introduces residual ghosts in cross-sectional images. Here we present a new method of data analysis, which allows determining the real phase shifts introduced during the measurement, and which helps to reduce the ghost effect. Two-dimensional cross-sectional in vivo images of human eye and skin obtained with the aid of this improved complex spectral OCT technique are shown. The method is free of polychromatic phase error originating from the wavelength dependence of the phase shift introduced by the reference mirror translation.
In this contribution we propose numerical procedures improving axial resolution and reducing artefacts in Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT). We present to the best of our knowledge the first results of numerical spectral shaping and least square iterative deconvolution techniques applied to SOCT. The methods do not require separate experiment to determine spectral shape of the light source and can be then applied even if it changes during the experiment. To demonstrate the improvement of image quality we apply these methods to cross sectional images of the human eye in vivo.
Complex Spectral Optical Tomography (SOCT) in comparison to ordinary SOCT produces images free of parasitic terms with extended measurement range. This technique requires stability of the object during at least three consecutive measurements. With a new fast SOCT instrument it was possible to make measurements regardless of involuntary eye movements. The first measurements of human eye in vivo based on Complex SOCT are presented.
An improved spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) technique was used to perform cross sectional ophthalmic images at the exposure time of 64 μs per A-scan. To achieve exposure times less than 1ms the fast kinetics mode of the CCD camera was used. Static and dynamic real-time in vivo images of the human macula, optic disc and iris are presented.
The measurements of fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of acidic ethanolic solutions of Rhodamine 110 Rhodamine 19 Rhodamine 6G Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 3B at temperature 77 K and 298 K were performed. Energies of the lowest triplet and singlet states were determined by the adjustment of analytical shape factors to experimental spectra.
Delayed luminescence spectra of ethanolic solution of RhilO Rh19 Rh6G TmRh RhB and Rh3B at 77 K were investigated. Obtained results indicated that photoionization of the dye molecules being in their triplet states and then recombination of the pair ion electron is responsible for observed delayed fluorescence. Influence of excitation wavelength on the delayed luminescence spectra is presented.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.