The combination of broadly tunable quantum cascade laser chips in an external cavity (EC-QCL) with a micro- electromechanical system (MEMS) scanner with integrated diffraction grating as wavelength-selective element allows for the development of extremely compact and robust spectroscopy systems. Resonant MOEMS grating scanners enable spectral tuning rates of hundreds of wavenumbers per millisecond and consequently broad-band spectroscopy with millisecond temporal resolution. Also non-resonant (quasi-static) MOEMS grating scanners are possible, providing scan rates of tens of Hz as well as static setting of arbitrary wavelengths, as common for mechanically driven EC lasers, while keeping the small MOEMS footprint, ruggedness, and low power consumption. Here, we give a progress report on the latest developments on MOEMS-based EC-QCLs made by Fraunhofer IAF and IPMS. We will highlight two of our latest developments: A non-resonant MOEMS EC-QCL version that allows arbitrary scan frequencies up to few ten Hertz, as well as static operation. Furthermore, we present the application of a resonantly driven cw-MOEMS-EC-QCL with cavity-length control to enable fast high-resolution spectroscopy over a spectral range of >100 cm-1, offering new possibilities for spectroscopy on complex gas mixtures.
Here we report our recent achievements towards a compact, portable, handheld device for contactless real-time detection and identification of explosives and hazardous substances via reflectance spectroscopy in the 7.5 μm – 10 μm spectral region. The mid-IR spectroscopic measurement principle relies on selective illumination of the target using broadly tunable external cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCLs). A resonant micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) grating enables fast wavelength tuning in the external cavity, allowing the full spectral scan to be completed in <1 ms. The diffusely backscattered light’s intensity dependence on illumination wavelength provides spectroscopic information to identify threat compounds via our spectral database, containing a large number of materials relevant in a security context. We present a handheld portable, albeit tethered, device capable of real-time identification of hazardous substances at a range of 1 m. We will outline future improvements to increase the system’s usability, such as integrated computing power, automated focusing to that allow use over a range of detection distances and spatial scanning for background subtraction.
The combination of spectral broadly tunable quantum cascade laser chips in an external cavity (EC-QCL) with a rapid scanning MOEMS grating as wavelength selective element has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Spectral tuning ranges of more than 350 cm-1 in the mid-infrared fingerprint region combined with scan frequencies of up to 1 kHz for a complete wavelength scan have enabled several new sensing applications such as contactless real time identification of chemical substances via backscattering spectroscopy. Moreover, the technological approach of a MOEMS EC-QCL allows for a dense integration of the electro optical components resulting in a footprint size for the laser source comparable to that of a matchbox. This makes the MOEMS EC-QCL especially attractive for handheld sensing systems.
In this talk we present the recent advances on the MOEMS EC-QCL technology made at Fraunhofer IAF and IPMS within the European projects MIRPHAB, Aquarius and Chequers. A detailed analysis of spectral reproducibility of consecutive scans, amplitude noise, and spectral resolution in pulsed and cw operation of the laser source is shown and several showcase applications from online process control in chemical and pharmaceutical industry such as transmission measurements on liquids and gases are discussed.
We report on mid-IR spectroscopic measurements performed with rapidly tunable external cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCLs). Fast wavelength tuning in the external cavity is realized by a microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS) grating oscillating at a resonance frequency of about 1 kHz with a deflection amplitude of up to 10 deg. The entire spectral range of the broadband QCL can therefore be covered in just 500 μs, paving the way for real-time spectroscopy in the mid-IR region. In addition to its use in spectroscopic measurements conducted in backscattering and transmission geometry, the MOEMS-based laser source is characterized regarding pulse intensity noise, wavelength reproducibility, and spectral resolution.
Reliable standoff detection of traces of explosives is still a challenging task. Imaging MIR backscattering spectroscopy has been shown to be a promising technique for non-contact detection of traces of explosives on various surfaces. This technique, which is eye-safe, relies on active imaging with MIR laser illumination at various wavelengths. Recording the backscattered light with a MIR camera at each illumination wavelength, the MIR backscattering spectrum can be extracted from the three-dimensional data set recorded for each point within the laser illuminated area. Applying appropriate image analysis algorithms to this hyper-spectral data set, chemically sensitive and selective images of the surface of almost any object can be generated. This way, residues of explosives can be clearly identified on the basis of characteristic finger print backscattering spectra and separated from the corresponding spectra of the underlying material. To achieve a high selectivity, a large spectral coverage is a key requirement. Using a MIR EC-QCL with a tuning range from 7.5 μm to 9.5 μm, different explosives such as TNT, PETN and RDX residing on different background materials, such as painted metal sheets, cloth and polyamide, could be clearly detected and identified. For short stand-off detection distances (<3 m), residues of explosives at an amount of just a few 10 μg, i .e. traces corresponding to a single fingerprint, could be detected. For larger concentration of explosives, stand-off detection over distances of up to 20 m has already been demonstrated. During the European FP7 projects EMPHASIS and HYPERION several field tests were performed at the test site of FOI in Sweden. During these tests realistic scenarios were established comprising test detonations of IEDs. We could demonstrate the potential of QCL-based imaging backscattering spectroscopy for the detection of trace amounts of hazardous substances in such scenarios.
In this contribution, we report on real-time mid-IR spectroscopy enabled by rapidly tunable External Cavity Quantum Cascade Lasers (EC-QCLs). High speed spectral scanning in a Littrow-type resonator is realized by employing a resonantly driven micro-opto-electro-mechanical-systems (MOEMS) grating as wavelength selective element. Oscillating at a frequency of 1 kHz with mechanical amplitudes of up to 10°, the MOEMS grating is able to cover the whole spectral range provided even by broad-gain QCL chips in just 500 μs. In addition to the high spectral scanning frequency, the MOEMS approach also allows for a miniaturized and rugged design of the EC-QCL. An evaluation of this laser source with regard to spectral reproducibility of consecutive scans, pulse intensity noise, and spectral resolution will be given. Furthermore, we present spectroscopic measurements in backscattering as well as in transmission geometry, demonstrating the real-time capability in different scenarios.
We perform active hyperspectral imaging using tunable mid-infrared (MIR) quantum cascade lasers for contactless identification of solid and liquid contaminations on surfaces. By collecting the backscattered laser radiation with a camera, a hyperspectral data cube, containing the spatially resolved spectral information of the scene is obtained. Data is analyzed using appropriate algorithms to find the target substances even on substrates with a priori unknown spectra. Eye-save standoff detection of residues of explosives and precursors over extended distances is demonstrated and the main purpose of our system. Using a MIR EC-QCL with a tuning range from 7.5 μm to 10 μm, detection of a large variety of explosives, e.g. TNT, PETN and RDX and precursor materials such as Ammonium Nitrate could be demonstrated. In a real world scenario stand-off detection over distances of up to 20 m could be successfully performed. This includes measurements in a post blast scenario demonstrating the potential of the technique for forensic investigations.
In the recent past infrared laser backscattering spectroscopy using Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCL) emitting in the molecular fingerprint region between 7.5 μm and 10 μm proved a highly promising approach for stand-off detection of dangerous substances. In this work we present an active illumination hyperspectral image sensor, utilizing QCLs as spectral selective illumination sources. A high performance Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) imager is used for collection of the diffusely backscattered light. Well known target detection algorithms like the Adaptive Matched Subspace Detector and the Adaptive Coherent Estimator are used to detect pixel vectors in the recorded hyperspectral image that contain traces of explosive substances like PETN, RDX or TNT. In addition we present an extension of the backscattering spectroscopy technique towards real-time detection using a MOEMS EC-QCL.
We employ active hyperspectral imaging using tunable mid-infrared (MIR) quantum cascade lasers for contactless identification of solid and liquid contaminations on surfaces. By collecting the backscattered laser radiation with a camera, a hyperspectral data cube, containing the spatially resolved spectral information of the scene is obtained. Data is analyzed using appropriate algorithms to find the target substances even on substrates with a priori unknown spectra. Eye-save standoff detection of residues of explosives and precursors over extended distances is demonstrated and the main purpose of our system. However, it can be applied to any substance with characteristic reflectance / absorbance spectrum. As an example, we present first results of monitoring food quality by distinguishing fresh and mold contaminated peanuts by their MIR backscattering spectrum.
We present spectroscopic measurements performed with an EC-QCL combining a broadly tunable quantum cascade laser chip with a tuning range of more than 300 cm-1 and a resonantly driven MOEMS scanner with an integrated diffraction grating for wavelength selection in Littrow configuration. The grating geometry was optimized to provide high diffraction efficiency over the wide tuning range of the QCL, thus assuring high power density and high spectral resolution in the MIR range. The MOEMS scanner has a resonance frequency of 1 kHz, hence allowing for two full wavelength scans, one up and the other downwards, within 1 ms. The capability for real-time spectroscopic sensing based on MOEMS EC-QCLs is demonstrated by transmission measurements performed on polystyrene reference absorber sheets as well as on gaseous samples of carbon monoxide. For the latter one, a large portion of the characteristic CO absorption band containing several absorption lines in the range of 2070 cm-1 to 2280 cm-1 can be monitored in real-time.
In this work we present a hyperspectral image sensor based on MIR-laser backscattering spectroscopy for contactless detection of explosive substance traces. The spectroscopy system comprises a tunable Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) with a tuning range of 7.5 μm to 9.5 μm as an illumination source and a high performance MCT camera for collecting the backscattered light. The resulting measurement data forms a hyperspectral image, where each pixel vector contains the backscattering spectrum of a specific location in the scene. The hyperspectral image data is analyzed for traces of target substances using a state of the art target detection algorithm (the Adaptive Matched Subspace Detector) together with an appropriate background extraction method. The technique is eye-safe and allows imaging detection of a large variety of explosive substances including PETN, RDX, TNT and Ammonium Nitrate. For short stand-off detection distances (<3 m), residues of explosives at an amount of just a few 10 μg, i.e. traces corresponding to a single fingerprint, could be detected. For larger concentration of explosives, stand-off detection over distances of up to 20 m has already been demonstrated.
Experimental results of a large scanning grating with a diameter of 5mm and 1 kHz scan frequency are discussed. An optical diffraction grating is fabricated on a mirror single crystal silicon plate to scan the first diffraction order in the MIR-wavelength range over a quantum cascade laser facet. Special emphasis is on the development of the grating technology module to integrate it with high accuracy and reproducibility into the IPMS AME75 process flow. The principle EC-QCL setup with the scanning grating is described and first measurement results concerning laser output power and tuning range are presented.
In this paper recent advances in broadband-tuneable mid-infrared (MIR) external-cavity quantum cascade lasers
(EC-QCL) technology are reported as well as their use in spectroscopic process analysis and imaging stand-off detection
of hazardous substances, such as explosive and related precursors. First results are presented on rapid scan EC-QCL,
employing a custom-made MOEMS scanning grating in Littrow-configuration as wavelength-selective optical feedback
element. This way, a scanning rate of 1 kHz was achieved, which corresponds to 2000 full wavelength scans per second.
Furthermore, exemplary case studies of EC-QCL based MIR spectroscopy will be presented. These include timeresolved
analysis of catalytic reactions in chemical process control, as well as imaging backscattering spectroscopy for
the detection of residues of explosives and related precursors in a relevant environment.
In situ process information in the chemical, pharmaceutical or food industry as well as emission monitoring, sensitive trace detection and biological sensing applications would increasingly rely on MIR-spectroscopic analysis in the 3 μm - 12 μm wavelength range. However, cost effective, portable, low power consuming and fast spectrometers with a wide tuning range are not available so far. To provide these MIR-spectrometer properties, the combination of quantum cascade lasers with a MOEMS scanning grating as wavelength selective element in the external cavity is addressed to provide a very compact and fast tunable laser source for spectroscopic analysis.
In this work we demonstrate imaging standoff detection of solid traces of explosives using infrared laser backscattering spectroscopy. Our system relies on active laser illumination in the 7 μm-10 μm spectral range at fully eye-safe power levels. This spectral region comprises many characteristic absorption features of common explosives, and the atmospheric transmission is sufficiently high for stand-off detection. The key component of our system is an external cavity quantum cascade laser with a tuning range of 300 cm-1 that enables us to scan the illumination wavelength over several of the characteristic spectral features of a large number of different explosives using a single source. We employ advanced hyperspectral image analysis to obtain fully automated detection and identification of the target substances even on substrates that interfere with the fingerprint spectrum of the explosive to be detected due to their own wavelength-dependent scattering contributions to the measured backscattering spectrum. Only the pure target spectra of the explosives have to be provided to the detection routine that nevertheless accomplishes reliable background suppression without any a-priory-information about the substrate.
The reliability of high-power diode laser bars is limited by the thermo-mechanical stress occurring during the packaging
process and operation. The stress is caused by the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients between heat sink and
laser bar. In general the stress influence grows with the bar size. The development of tapered laser bars leads to higher
cavity lengths so the thermo-mechanical stress in the longitudinal direction becomes more important. In this work the
packaging influences on different sized laser bars are compared. At first thermal and thermo-mechanical influences are
evaluated in FEM-simulations. Afterwards laser bars of different lengths and widths are mounted and characterized. The
occurring strain is analyzed by electroluminescence using the correlation between stress and polarization properties of
the laser bar radiation. Because of the correlation between temperature and wavelength, a thermal analysis of the
mounted laser bars can be done by emitter resolved spectra scanning. The influence on reliability is analyzed in an aging
study with intermediate characterization steps.
The realization of a compact green-emitting solid state laser source for applications like laser TV or head-up displays is
still a challenging task. One way to generate green light with a solid state laser source is nonlinear frequency upconversion
(frequency-doubling) of e.g. 1064 nm to 532 nm. In order to achieve good conversion efficiencies tunable laser sources with output powers of several watts, narrow bandwidth and good beam quality are required.
We have realized tapered laser diodes based on the GaInAs/AlGaAs material system emitting at a central wavelength of 1064 nm. These devices have an AR-coating on the front facet as well as on the ridge facet. Therefore, these laser diodes can be frequency stabilized in an external cavity setup consisting either of a grating in Littrow mounting placed on the rear side or by an integrated Fiber Bragg grating. The latter configuration allows a compact low footprint integration of the laser diodes into compact laser modules.
The optical output power of these devices frequency stabilized at 1064 nm exceeds 4 W with beam qualities suitable for
frequency doubling (M2 < 2) and a tuning range from 1030 nm to 1070 nm. For laser diodes with a HR coating on the
ridge facet even higher output powers of more than 8 W are achieved.
The ridge and tapered section of the tapered diode amplifiers are contacted separately in order to enable the modulation
of the light source by the variation of the ridge current. The rapid temporal modulation achieved this way is a prerequisite for the use of such lasers in flying spot display applications.
More and more applications, like tunable frequency doubling of diode lasers for blue-green outputs, non linear spectroscopy,
or pump laser sources for fiber lasers necessitate diffraction-limited tunable narrow linewidths and high output powers in the multiwatt regime. For these applications, tapered lasers based on a tapered amplifier with gain-guided design can be used in an external cavity set up to guarantee both - frequency stabilization and tunability. We have realized frequency stabilized high-power ridge-waveguide tapered diode lasers with more than 4W of cw output power. These low modal gain, single quantum well InGaAs/AlGaAs devices emitting between 920nm and 1064nm were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Tapered single emitters consist of an index-guided ridge section and a gain-guided taper section with an overall length of 3.5mm. The taper angle was 6°. With a high-reflectivity coating on the rear facet and an antireflection coating on the front facet more than 10W of output power have been demonstrated. To optimize the beam quality at higher output power the two different sections have been operated by different operation currents. For this purpose the tapered diodes have been mounted p-side down on structured submounts. For wavelength tunability and frequency stabilization the tapered diodes, provided with AR coatings on both facets, have been used in external cavity setup in Littrow configuration. The influence of the different operation currents on the electrooptical and beam characteristics has been carefully investigated in detail. Within this operation mode a nearly diffraction limited behavior up to 5W has been established.
Tapered diode lasers combine high output power and a beam quality near to the diffraction limit resulting in very high
brightness. Therefore, they are finding use in a wide range of applications today, such as pumping of rare-earth-doped
fibre amplifiers, tunable frequency doubling of diode lasers for blue-green outputs, and non linear spectroscopy. Due to
increasing brightness and lifetime tapered lasers even become attractive for material processing and for telecom
applications like pumping of Er-doped fiber amplifiers or raman amplifiers.
In order to further enhance the brightness of tapered diode lasers the output power has to be increased while
simultaneously the beam quality has to be kept near the diffraction limit. For this purpose we have grown low modal
gain, single quantum well InGaAs/AlGaAs devices emitting at 976 nm by molecular beam epitaxy. The lateral design of
the investigated laser diodes consists of a tapered section and a ridge-waveguide section. Since it has been shown by
previous simulations and experiments that longer tapered sections allow higher output power with unchanged beam
quality, we use tapered section lengths of 2000 μm, 3000 μm and 4000 μm. The beam quality parameter M2 and output
powers as well as the nearfields of the different structures were carefully investigated. For longer devices we reach an
optical output power of more than 10 W per single emitter in continuous wave mode (cw) without any distinct thermal
rollover.
Several types of high-brightness near-infrared tapered quantum well and quantum dots tapered lasers are reviewed and
compared. Recent developments include record-high brightness quantum well tapered lasers at 810 nm and 975 nm (up
to 8.3 W CW, diffraction limited), high wall-plug efficiency gain-guided and index-guided tapered lasers (up to 57%),
narrow slow axis far-field (2.5° FWHM) index-guided tapered lasers at 975 nm, wavelength-stable (down to
0.09 nm/K), high-brightness quantum dots tapered lasers at 920 and 975 nm, and quantum dots tapered laser bars (up to
14 W CW) at 920 nm, with narrow far-field in the slow axis (3° FWHM).
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