KEYWORDS: Pollution, Astronomy, Radio astronomy, Observatories, Astronomical imaging, Radio optics, Infrared telescopes, Large telescopes, Optical telescopes, Wind energy
The SAAO observing station near Sutherland, Northern Cape Province (NCP), South Africa, is among observatories with the darkest skies in the world. It is home to many national and international optical and IR telescopes, including SALT. The NCP is declared as Astronomy Advantage Area, and therefore regulated under the Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act of 2007, which empowers the Department of Science and Innovation minister to regulate activities that pose a threat to optical and/or radio astronomy within the declared areas. In May 2019, the Sutherland Central Astronomy Advantage Area (SCAAA) protection regulations aimed at protecting optical astronomy and related endeavours at SAAO against activities negatively impacting on astronomy within the SCAAA (75 km radius from SALT in the NCP), were promulgated. We discuss these regulations, including monitoring of light pollution and other activities that may have negative impact on astronomy at SAAO, regulatory implementation and compliance, as well as current and potential challenges, and lessons learned so far. The night sky brightness measurements collected over the past five years with the All Sky Transmission MONitors (ASTMONs) at Sutherland are presented for the first time, and they indicate that the quality of the night sky at SAAO has not changed for the worst going as far back as the 1980s. The current average sky brightness measurements from the ASTMONs are consistent with historical night sky brightness measurements collected with the SAAO telescopes over the past 40 years. The results also confirm that Sutherland is globally a very dark observatory site.
We present an overview of the Intelligent Observatory (IO) and the architecture used at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) to develop instrument and telescope control and monitoring software. The IO aims to link and coordinate the usage of the SAAO telescopes and instruments for optimal efficiency. This will entail a Central Control System (CCS) selecting appropriate instruments and telescopes and controlling observations on these. This requires interoperable instrument and telescope control software. The SAAO software architecture is flexible, allows multiple user interfaces, and supports remote control and monitoring of both telescope and instrument through a web browser. Furthermore, the architecture allows an external agent (such as the IO CCS) simultaneous control of both instruments and telescopes.
We report on the extensively upgraded Cassegrain spectrograph on the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) 1.9-m telescope. The introduction of new collimator and camera optics, a new detector and controller, a rear-of-slit viewing camera to facilitate acquisition, and a new instrument control and quick-look data-reduction software (to take advantage of the entire system now being governed by a programmable logic controller) has revolutionized this workhorse instrument on Africa’s second largest optical telescope. The improvement in throughput over the previous incarnation of the spectrograph is ∼50 % in the red, increasing to a factor of four at the blue end. A selection of 10 surface-relief diffraction gratings is available to users, offering a variety of wavelength ranges and resolutions, with resolving powers between ∼500 and 6500. SpUpNIC (Spectrograph Upgrade: Newly Improved Cassegrain) has been scheduled for ∼80 % of the time available on the 1.9-m since being installed on the telescope in late October 2015, providing the single-object spectroscopic capability to support the broad research interests of the SAAO’s local and international user community. We present an assortment of data obtained for various observing programs to demonstrate different aspects of the instrument’s enhanced performance following this comprehensive upgrade.
The South African astronomical community together with the international SALT community recently completed a process to detail a science strategy for SALT, the 10m international telescope that SAAO operates. After six years of science operations, the telescope is a very cost-effective large telescope science producer. The strategy was adopted by the SALT Board, and has already resulted in funding choices for the next stage of instrumentation. The SALT strategy intertwines with that of the SAAO and South African optical astronomy in general. This paper outlines the process followed, the main motivations and plans for the next stage, including risks and challenges. This paper in particular concentrates on the plans to making SAAO/SALT a major player in time domain astrophysics, one of three adopted strategic science focus areas. Plans include a novel design for a high-efficiency spectrograph serving transient follow-up, for which South Africa is well positioned; advanced
software aiming to make the whole mountain-top operate as a single transient machine; feasibility studies into revolutionizing SALT observations by utilizing the primary mirror's hundreds of square degree size uncorrected field-of-view. Other SPIE papers in this meeting describe these and other developments at SALT and SAAO in more detail
Telescope mirrors reside in harsh environments and thus require periodic re-aluminisation to maintain their reflectivity. The SAAO’s Sutherland field station suffers from dust and frequent bouts of high humidity. Dust settling on the mirrors adheres to the upward-facing optical surfaces and is not removed by CO2 cleaning. The 74-inch primary mirror was unsuccessfully re-aluminised in April 2015. Parts of the mirror proved difficult to clean and the resulting coating included hazy, white patches in those problem areas. Cotton wool soaked with ferric chloride was used to strip small patches of coating, confirming that no optical surface damage had occurred. The 55 year-old aluminising equipment for the 74-inch required an extensive overhaul and the spruced up system was then used to re-coat the primary mirror in November 2015. We used the same de-ionised water, potassium hydroxide, sodium lauryl sulphate, cotton wool, safety gear and cleaning techniques employed by the mirror coating team at the neighbouring Southern African Large Telescope, as well as their Ocean Optics reflectometer to quantify the improvement in reflectivity. Measurements at 320 nm on different parts of the dirty primary ranged between 10 % and 70 %, while the new coating exceeded 95 % over the entire surface.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Monochromatic aberrations, Image quality, Cameras, Simulation of CCA and DLA aggregates, Image segmentation, Wavefront sensors, Wavefronts, Interfaces
Construction of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) was largely completed by the end of 2005 and since then
it has been in intensive commissioning. This has now almost been completed except for the telescope's image quality
which shows optical aberrations, chiefly a focus gradient across the focal plane, along with astigmatism and other less
significant aberrations. This paper describes the optical systems engineering investigation that has been conducted since
early 2006 to diagnose the problem. A rigorous approach has been followed which has entailed breaking down the
system into the major sub-systems and subjecting them to testing on an individual basis. Significant progress has been
achieved with many components of the optical system shown to be operating correctly. The fault has been isolated to a
major optical sub-system. We present the results obtained so far, and discuss what remains to be done.
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