This study presents the application of three distinct fiber optic sensor (FOS) technologies for temperature monitoring during Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) operations. This work looks into the application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG), Brillouin-based, and Rayleigh-based distributed FOS technologies. Through the deployment of these sensors in steel mills, we have successfully achieved distributed temperature monitoring within the bottom anode and side walls of the EAF. Our approach involves data collection from mock foundry trials and real-world EAF operations in a steel mill. The real-time temperature monitoring of the EAF’s bottom anode provides insights for early detection of temperature anomalies in the refractory layer, while the monitoring of the side wall is primarily for pinpointing hotspots within the furnace wall for effective and efficient water-spray cooling. The integration of these advanced FOS technologies brings forth a transformative solution for the steel-making industry. By providing real-time, distributed temperature profiles and enabling proactive anomaly detection, our work contributes to enhanced operational efficiency and, more critically, improved safety in EAF facilities. This research not only showcases the potential of FOS applications but also demonstrates their ability to facilitate timely interventions in the high-temperature, high-stress environment of EAFs, ultimately bolstering overall steel production and safety standards in steel mills.
This research demonstrates femtosecond (FS) laser-written distributed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) sensors within sapphire crystalline fiber, tailored for steelmaking applications. The study precisely assesses sensor stability during a 72-hour exposure to severe conditions, including temperatures reaching 1600°C. The FBGs exhibit excellent signal strength and a maintained high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by averting external surface reactions with the sapphire fiber. Extensive annealing at 1600°C purifies the sheathing material. By utilizing an extended 1-meter sapphire fiber, this work surmounts the challenges of cascading FBGs in highly multimode waveguides, enabling FBG signal capture in demanding applications. This research enhances our comprehension of FBG performance in high-temperature environments and paves the way for robust optical fiber systems in steelmaking applications, including tundish probes and submerge entry nozzles (SEN) for molten metal casting. Additionally, the exceptional efficiency and precision of sapphire FBG sensors, in contrast to conventional thermocouples, offer the potential to boost productivity, lower energy consumption, and reduce the carbon footprint in the steel industry.
This study presents a pioneering technique for fabricating highly cascaded first-order fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) using a femtosecond laser-assisted point-by-point inscription method in highly multimode optical fibers, specifically Sapphire crystalline fiber, and pure silica coreless fiber. Notably, it marks the first successful demonstration of a distributed array comprising 10 FBGs within highly multimode fibers. This achievement is facilitated by a high-power laser technique that yields larger reflectors characterized by a Gaussian intensity profile. These first-order FBGs offer various advantages, including enhanced reflectivity, reduced fabrication time, and simplified spectral characteristics, enhancing their accessibility for interpretation when contrasted with higher-order FBGs. In addition to that it encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the robustness and efficacy of these FBGs, with particular emphasis on their ability to endure extreme temperatures. These FBGs demonstrate an advantageous capability for localized multi-point temperature monitoring, reaching temperatures up to 1500°C with sapphire crystalline fiber and 1100°C with pure silica coreless fiber. This resilience makes them suitable for deployment in harsh environmental conditions. This innovative approach substantially broadens the potential applications of highly multimode optical fibers, particularly in the arena of sensing and communication, where challenges related to thermal gradients and harsh environments prevail. These groundbreaking first-order FBGs signify a substantial advancement in the realm of distributed temperature sensing, offering supreme capabilities for temperature monitoring and signal stability. As such, our work holds the promise of a substantial impact on industries and applications that demand unwavering reliability under extreme conditions.
This study focuses on the critical aspect of interfacial heat transfer during the solidification process in metal casting, aiming to optimize these manufacturing processes. Fiber-optic sensors were employed to provide continuous real-time monitoring of mold gaps and temperature profiles during the solidification of A356 aluminum in a permanent mold-casting environment. A specially designed mold system, constructed from unheated, uncoated tool steel, facilitated the seamless integration of these advanced fiber-optic sensors. One key technique used was the Extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) sensor, which uniquely utilized molten metal as the second reflection interface for measuring mold gaps. This method yielded impressively accurate results, with a maximum error of just 2μm compared to physical measurements. Additionally, using the Rayleigh backscattering (RBS) technique, a stainless steel-encased fiber provided real-time temperature measurements with an impressive spatial resolution of 0.65mm. The study demonstrates that combining high-resolution temperature profiles with gap evolution measurements significantly enhances our understanding of heat transfer dynamics at the mold-metal interface, proving particularly beneficial for optimizing complex-shaped castings and continuous casting processes. Furthermore, the capability to monitor the shape of the casting in real-time as it exits a continuous casting mold introduces a novel tool for quality control and process safety improvement by early detection of conditions that might lead to slab cracking and breakouts, ultimately enhancing overall process efficiency and reliability.
This study presents an advancement in high-temperature Raman spectroscopy, specifically for analyzing molten materials. It introduces an approach by integrating a fiber-optic Raman probe with a copper block protection system designed to endure extreme thermal conditions. The copper block features an open port designed to accommodate an external telescope with a 3cm focal length, enabling Raman spectra collection in challenging high-temperature environments. A built-in gas channel ensures a continuous flow of argon gas to prevent flux intrusion. The robust copper block acts as a reliable shield, safeguarding the fiber-optic Raman probe within molten materials. This enhancement maintains the probe's integrity and significantly improves its resilience, making it ideal for rigorous investigations of molten substances. This advancement is particularly relevant in metallurgy, where flux materials impact production quality and efficiency. The ability to acquire Raman signals under elevated thermal conditions offers opportunities for studying molecular dynamics, compositional changes, and chemical interactions within molten substances. This introduced direct immersion probing technique has implications, benefiting both scientific and industrial fields. It holds promise for advancing research and exploration in various contexts, from fundamental scientific inquiries to practical applications in metallurgical processes, where flux materials are critical for optimizing production quality and efficiency. This approach enhances the capabilities of high-temperature Raman spectroscopy, making it a valuable tool for investigating molten materials and their properties in diverse settings.
This study presents an assembly-free ball lens structure at the tip of tapered multimode optical fiber to enhance the light collection efficiency for pH measurements. A 35 µm diameter ball lens was fabricated at the sensor tip. In addition, a thin layer of fluorescence dye was mixed with sol-gel that formed at the fiber tip for pH sensing. The simulation result demonstrates the light propagation on the ball lens tip. The experiment results reveal that the proposed sensor has a rapid response time (< 3 seconds), high sensitivity, and pinpoint accuracy (±1.0%) in the pH range of 6.0-8.0.
In this study, an advanced laser-scribing approach was optimized for fabricating miniaturized, high-density multisensors on polyimide substrates. The femtosecond 515 nm laser, with an approximately 10 μm spot size, produced significantly smaller conductive traces compared to conventional methods. A flexible integration board processed and wirelessly transmitted physiological signals to an Android device. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes and the board were integrated, detecting electrocardiogram (ECG) and temperature on human skin. The laserscribing technique improved wearable sensor performance, enabling real-time, on-the-go health monitoring possibilities.
This study presents a novel in situ high-temperature fiber optic Raman probe that enables the study of the physical properties and structure of molten samples at temperatures up to 1400 °C. To demonstrate the functionality of the high-temperature fiber optic Raman probe, different composition mold fluxes were evaluated in this report. The Raman spectra at flux molten temperature were successfully collected and analyzed. A deconvolution algorithm was employed to identify peaks in the spectra associated with the molecular structure of the components in each sample. The experimental results demonstrate that the composition-dependent Raman signal shift can be detected at high temperatures, indicating that molten materials analysis using a high-temperature Raman system shows significant promise. This flexible and reliable high-temperature Raman measurement method has great potential for various applications, such as materials development, composition and structure monitoring during high-temperature processing, chemical identification, and process monitoring in industrial production.
This paper reports a novel Extrinsic Fabry-Pérot Interferometer (EFPI) sensor platform based on ~50 μm-diameter porous silica microspheres attached to the ends of single-mode optical fibers. The glass spheres, with 45% internal void volumes, act as geometrically well-defined Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities that produce interferograms that only depend on the index of refraction of guest molecule types and loadings. The primary advantage of the sensor is that the silica micropores inside the glass spheres present inherent surface hydroxyl groups, which can be chemically modified using a wide selection of silanization reactions. Silanized silica microspheres provide a novel and broad sensor platform where myriad silane coupling agents act as bridges connecting organic and inorganic materials. Commercially available silanization reagents are diverse and afford silica pores with selectivity for sensing chemicals and biochemicals. When guest molecules are adsorbed in the pores of the microspheres, a proportional change in the light path length can be calculated and measured. A gas sample generator consisting of vapor generators, analyte permeation tubes, and flow controllers were configured to characterize the sensor response to various volatile organic compounds. An optical interrogator with a 1 Hz scan frequency and 80 nm wavelength range was employed for full spectral scanning and data acquisition. Experimental results demonstrate shifts of the interferogram when an EFPI glass microsphere is exposed to different vapors and vapor concentrations. Future work will compare EFPI results of guest molecule adsorptions by unaltered versus silanized porous glass microspheres.
We report a distributed fiber-optic pressure sensor based on Bourdon tubes using Rayleigh backscattering metered by optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR). In the proposed sensor, a piece of single-mode fiber (SMF) is attached to the concave surfaces of Bourdon tubes using a thin layer of epoxy. The strain profiles along the concave surface of the Bourdon tube vary with applied pressure, and the strain variations are transferred to the attached SMF through the epoxy layer, resulting in spectral shifts in the local Rayleigh backscattering signals. By monitoring the local spectral shifts of the OFDR system, the pressure applied to the Bourdon tube can be determined. By cascading multiple Bourdon tubes and correspondingly attaching SMF sections (i.e., a series of SMF-modified Bourdon tubes), distributed pressure measurements can be realized. Three Bourdon tubes are employed to demonstrate the proposed spatially distributed sensing scheme. The experimental results showed that linear relationships between spectral shift and pressure were obtained in all three SMF-Bourdon tubes (i.e., at three spatial locations). It is expected that the proposed sensing device, the SMF-Bourdon tube, can be used in applications where distributed/multipoint pressure measurements are needed.
A distributed fiber optic strain sensor based on Rayleigh backscattering, embedded in a fiber-reinforced polymer composite, has been demonstrated. The optical frequency domain reflectometry technique is used to analyze the backscattered signal. The shift in the Rayleigh backscattered spectrum is observed to be linearly related to the change in strain of the composite material. The sensor (standard single-mode fiber) is embedded between the layers of the composite laminate. A series of tensile loads is applied to the laminate using an Instron testing machine, and the corresponding strain distribution of the laminate is measured. The results show a linear response indicating a seamless integration of the optical fiber in the composite material and a good correlation with the electrical-resistance strain gauge results. The sensor is also used to evaluate the strain response of a composite-laminate-based cantilever beam. Distributed strain measurements in a composite laminate are successfully obtained using an embedded fiber optic sensor.
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