We report the experience of the Advanced Light Source group in designing and building a series of nine electroless nickel-plated invar mirrors. The first four mirrors constructed appeared initially to be good but later it became evident that the nickel plating on all nine had been done improperly. The problem first appeared as blister-like defects about half a micron high and one to three centimeters wide. The cause turned out to be local separation of the plating from the substrate. In this paper we discuss the technical issues involved in building mirrors from invar and in preparing for and applying the needed electroless nickel coatings. We describe the studies that we carried out to evaluate the questions of adhesion, stress and polishability and report broad success in remanufacturing four of the mirrors. At time of writing one of the four has met specification showing good figure (0.8 μr rms) and finish (6 Å rms).
Commissioning of a Fourier transform soft x-ray spectrometer is under way at the advanced light source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, as a branch of beamline 9.3.2. The spectrometer is a novel soft x-ray interferometer designed for ultra-high resolution spectroscopy in the photon energy region of 60-120 eV with a theoretical resolving power E/(Delta) E-106. This instrument is expected to provide experimental results which sensitively test models of correlated electron processes in atomic and molecular physics. The design criteria and consequent technical challenges posed by the short wavelengths of x-rays and desired resolving power are discussed. The fundamental and practical aspects of soft x-ray interferometry are also explored.
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