The DARPA Space-Based Adaptive Communications Node (Space-BACN) optical terminal will be a low-cost reconfigurable optical intersatellite link (OISL) terminal capable of supporting up to 100 Gbps low-earth-orbit (LEO) links. Rapid and reliable pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) is critical to OISL performance, especially in cross-plane LEO links, where contacts can be short. The Space-BACN optical terminal will demonstrate a novel reconfigurable acquisition implementation, which can be dynamically configured to operate in one of three acquisition modes: in-band, out-of-band, and synthesized beacon. Here, we review the features, implementation, performance analysis, and verification approaches for each of the three acquisition modes.
This paper reports on a two-color acquisition beam with continuously variable divergence for free-space laser communication links. This approach is useful for terminals using wavelength-separated beacon and communi- cation signals amplified by a common high-power optical amplifier (HPOA). The acquisition beam features a controllable power-split ratio between the two waveforms that varies during the acquisition sequence. With this scheme, the area of the acquisition beam can be expanded by a factor of 100, while maintaining power levels of the two colors within a specified range on an acquisition sensor in a partner terminal. An optical transmitter produces beacon and communication waveforms from distinct master oscillators, and balances these signal levels during a multi-step transition sequence to achieve the desired relative power levels at each wavelength. An HPOA then boosts this transmitter signal to power levels necessary to overcome link losses. The HPOA and transmitter adjust power levels during the sequence to maintain beacon and communication irradiances within specified ranges. A divergence setting assembly (DSA) simultaneously adjusts the beam width from a 10x broadened beacon to a narrow, diffraction-limited beam. We demonstrate control of the on-axis beacon power to within a 10-dB dynamic range while the beacon area varies by a factor of approximately 20 dB. This paper describes the hardware and software control of the various units used to perform acquisition.
Jade Wang, C. Browne, C. Burton, D. Caplan, J. Carney, M. Chavez, J. Fitzgerald, I. Gaschits, D. Geisler, S. Hamilton, S. Henion, G. Lund, R. Magliocco, O. Mikulina, R. Murphy, H. Rao, M. Seaver, N. Spellmeyer
KEYWORDS: Receivers, Transmitters, Amplifiers, Clocks, Interferometers, Modulators, Field programmable gate arrays, Signal attenuation, Diagnostics, Control systems
Recently, we demonstrated a multi-rate DPSK modem with high-sensitivity over a wide dynamic range, which can
significantly benefit performance and cost of NASA’s Laser Communication Relay Demonstration. This increased
flexibility, combined with the need to verify robust operation under challenging free-space environmental conditions,
results in a large number of operational states which must be accurately and thoroughly tested. To support this, we
developed test and diagnostic capabilities that can be easily reconfigured to assess modem performance across a wide
range of data rates and operational modes. These capabilities include internal self-test modes in which test waveforms
can be directed from the transmitter into the receiver to determine modem communications performance. We used these
self-test capabilities to demonstrate robust performance in realistic environments during thermal-vacuum,
shock/vibration, and EMI/EMC testing.
H. Rao, C. Browne, D. Caplan, J. Carney, M. Chavez, A. Fletcher, J. Fitzgerald, R. Kaminsky, G. Lund, S. Hamilton, R. Magliocco, O. Mikulina, R. Murphy, M. Seaver, M. Scheinbart, N. Spellmeyer, J. Wang
We have designed and experimentally demonstrated a radiation-hardened modem suitable for NASA’s Laser
Communications Relay Demonstration. The modem supports free-space DPSK communication over a wide range of
channel rates, from 72 Mb/s up to 2.88 Gb/s. The modem transmitter electronics generate a bursty DPSK waveform,
such that only one optical modulator is required. The receiver clock recovery is capable of operating over all channel
rates at average optical signal levels below -70 dBm. The modem incorporates a radiation-hardened Xilinx Virtex 5
FPGA and a radiation-hardened Aeroflex UT699 CPU. The design leverages unique capabilities of each device, such as
the FPGA’s multi-gigabit transceivers. The modem scrubs itself against radiation events, but does not require pervasive
triple-mode redundant logic. The modem electronics include automatic stabilization functions for its optical
components, and software to control its initialization and operation. The design allows the modem to be put into a low-power standby mode.
We describe a flexible high-sensitivity laser communication transceiver design that can significantly benefit performance
and cost of NASA's satellite-based Laser Communications Relay Demonstration. Optical communications using
differential phase shift keying, widely deployed for use in long-haul fiber-optic networks, is well known for its superior
sensitivity and link performance over on-off keying, while maintaining a relatively straightforward design. However,
unlike fiber-optic links, free-space applications often require operation over a wide dynamic range of power due to
variations in link distance and channel conditions, which can include rapid kHz-class fading when operating through the
turbulent atmosphere. Here we discuss the implementation of a robust, near-quantum-limited multi-rate DPSK
transceiver, co-located transmitter and receiver subsystems that can operate efficiently over the highly-variable free-space
channel. Key performance features will be presented on the master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) based TX,
including a wavelength-stabilized master laser, high-extinction-ratio burst-mode modulator, and 0.5 W single
polarization power amplifier, as well as low-noise optically preamplified DSPK receiver and built-in test capabilities.
N. Spellmeyer, C. Browne, D. Caplan, J. Carney, M. Chavez, A. Fletcher, J. Fitzgerald, R. Kaminsky, G. Lund, S. Hamilton, R. Magliocco, O. Mikulina, R. Murphy, H. Rao, M. Scheinbart, M. Seaver, J. Wang
The multi-rate DPSK format, which enables efficient free-space laser communications over a wide range of data rates, is
finding applications in NASA’s Laser Communications Relay Demonstration. We discuss the design and testing of an
efficient and robust multi-rate DPSK modem, including aspects of the electrical, mechanical, thermal, and optical
design. The modem includes an optically preamplified receiver, an 0.5-W average power transmitter, a LEON3 rad-hard
microcontroller that provides the command and telemetry interface and supervisory control, and a Xilinx Virtex-5 radhard
reprogrammable FPGA that both supports the high-speed data flow to and from the modem and controls the
modem’s analog and digital subsystems. For additional flexibility, the transmitter and receiver can be configured to
support operation with multi-rate PPM waveforms.
Free space optical communication systems require robust pointing and tracking to establish and maintain lineof-
sight (LOS). Atmospheric scintillation can present a challenge to the LOS tracking systems located at each end of the
link. This paper describes a pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) approach for single-mode fiber coupling, which
was successfully demonstrated over a 5.4 km lasercom link that was subject to severe turbulence conditions. One of the
primary advantages of the scheme described is its compensation for thermo-mechanical drift, which simplifies optomechanical
design and allows use of simple COTS hardware. An overview of the PAT system and performance data are
presented.
This paper describes a lasercom terminal using spatial diversity to mitigate fading caused by atmospheric scintillation.
Multiple receive apertures are separated sufficiently to capture statistically independent samples of the incoming beam.
The received optical signals are tracked individually, photo-detected, and summed electrically, with measured diversity
gain. The terminal consists of COTS components. It was used in successful demonstrations over a 5.4km ground-ground
link from June through September 2008, during which it experienced a wide temperature range. Design overview and
hardware realization are presented.
This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense, RRCO DDR&E, under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002.
Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by
the United States Government.
We present a design methodology for free-space laser communications systems. The first phase includes a
characterization through numerical simulations of the channel to evaluate the range of extinction and scintillation. The
second phase is the selection of fade mitigation schemes, which would incorporate pointing, acquisition, tracking, and
communication system parameters specifically tailored to the channel. Ideally, the process would include sufficient
flexibility to adapt to a wide range of channel conditions. We provide an example of the successful application of this
design approach to a recent set of field experiments.
This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense, RRCO DDR&E, under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002.
Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by
the United States Government.
As part of a free-space optical communications experiment over a 5km horizontal path, an extensive database of
tilt-stabilized receiver data was collected for Cn2
n conditions ranging from benign to very strong. This paper focuses
on the scintillation measurements made during those tests. Ensemble probability distributions are compiled from
these results, and are subsequently compared with standard channel models such as the log-normal and gammagamma
distributions. Statistical representations of temporal behavior are also developed from this database.
Accurate statistical models of atmospheric channel effects have proved to be invaluable in the development of
high-performance free-space transceivers.
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