The Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser (COIL) has been studied for several industrial applications. Recent demonstrations have shown that lasers can be highly effective for size-reduction cutting of radioactivelycontaminated structures.
The interaction of a high power (infrared) laser beam with samples of rock encountered in hard-rock metal mining operations was experimentally investigated. These tests were intended to explore the feasibility of using high power lasers to improve the speed, performance, accuracy, and safety of rock cutting and drilling in mining operations. The current results were compared to similar tests, performed with the same laser, of materials typically encountered in gas and oil well drilling.
KEYWORDS: Laser drilling, Laser cutting, Mining, High power lasers, Laser ablation, Laser systems engineering, Pulsed laser operation, Chemical oxygen iodine lasers, Fiber lasers, Gas lasers
The interaction of a high power (infrared) laser beam with samples of rock encountered in hard-rock metal mining operations was experimentally investigated. These tests were intended to explore the feasibility of using high power lasers to improve the speed, performance, accuracy, and safety of rock cutting and drilling in mining operations. The current results were compared to similar tests, performed with the same laser, of materials typically encountered in gas and oil well drilling. Suggestions are made for the next steps in exploring how laser systems could possibly revolutionize drilling and cutting operations in the mining and oil/gas industries, particularly by augmenting other drilling hardware and techniques.
The dismantlement of obsolete nuclear facilities is a major challenge for both the US Department of Energy and nuclear power utilities. Recent demonstrations have shown that lasers can be highly effective for size reduction cutting, especially for the efficient storage and recycling of materials. However, the full benefits of lasers can only be realized with high average power beams that can be conveniently delivered, via fiber optics, to remote and/or confined areas. Industrial lasers that can meet these requirements are not available now or for the foreseeable future. However, a military weapon laser, a Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL), which has been demonstrated at over a hundred kilo Watts, could be adapted to meet these needs and enable entirely new industrial applications. An 'industrialized' COIL would enable rapid sectioning of thick and complex structures, such as glove boxes, reactor vessels, and steam generators, accelerating dismantlement schedules and reducing worker hazards. The full advantages of lasers in dismantlement could finally be realized with a portable COIL which is integrated with sophisticated robotics. It could be built and deployed in less than two years, breaking the paradigm of labor-intensive dismantlement operations and cutting processing times and costs dramatically.
This paper reviews and discusses the performance of unstable resonators concentrating on the design, analysis, and test of oscillators used on electric discharge laser devices. The work covers over 15 years of pulsed CO2 laser device development. The emphasis is on the review of the energy extraction and beam quality experimental results from a wide range of devices. The effect of flow characteristics on laser performance is discussed. The interaction between the optical mode formation and the laser medium, called the 'Mode-Medium Interaction,' is presented. The device design constraints imposed by optical material limitations is also discussed.
The repetitively-pulsed electron beam pumped excimer laser has been demonstrated to be capable of delivering high average power in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. The results of recent experiments and comprehensive numerical modeling are presented. The experimental data were obtained from an electron beam pumped XeF laser with a decentered unstable resonator and a flowing gain medium. This device produced a pulse energy of 40 to 50 J at a pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz. The numerical modeling was focused on providing detailed understanding of observed pulse shapes. These simulations involved two separated models: a detailed XeF kinetics code and an optical extraction code which is based on a novel stable resonator formulation. This integrated model was used to analyze and interpret the results of several recent experiments.
The high frequency temporal structure of probe and phase conjugation (PC) signals under degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) of long pulse carbon-dioxide and carbon laser radiation in their inverted media has been studied experimentally with nanosecond resolution over the full pulse length. The multiline and single spectral line pulses of electron-beam controlled discharge (EBCD) carbon-dioxide and carbon lasers with pulse length of approximately 10 - 20 microseconds and approximately 200 - 300 microseconds, accordingly, are characterized by complicated temporal behavior with a periodic structure (approximately 100 ns) on account of mode beating with a depth of modulation up to 100%. On the round-trip period carbon-dioxide and carbon laser pulse consists of several spikes (for free-running mode) or a single spike in case of mode locking with pulse length of approximately 10 ns. A plasma mirror is used for carbon-dioxide laser to operate in the latter mode of operation. The time history of PC signal has a complicated behavior and structure differed from that of probe laser signal on large (greater than or equal to 100 ns) and small (approximately 10 - 100 ns) temporal scale. A relative influence of amplitude and phase mechanisms of creating diffraction gratings inside active medium, and also the influence of small scale and large scale gratings and spike synchronism conditions on the PC signal is discussed.
The high frequency temporal structure of probe (laser) and phase conjugation (PC) signal under intracavity degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) of long pulse carbon-dioxide and carbon laser radiation inside their inverted medium has been studied experimentally with nanosecond resolution over the full pulse length.
Power beaming to satellites with a ground-based laser can be limited by clouds. Hole-boring through the clouds with a laser has been proposed as a way to overcome this obstacle. This paper reviews the past work on laser hole-boring and concludes that hole-boring for direct beaming to satellites is likely to require 1 - 50 MW. However, it may be possible to use an airborne relay mirror at 10 - 25 km altitude for some applications in order to extend the range of the laser (e.g., for beaming to satellites near the horizon). In these cases, use of the relay mirror also would allow a narrow beam between the laser and the relay, as well as the possibility of reducing the crosswind if the plane matched speed with the cloud temporarily. Under these conditions, the power requirement to bore a hold through most cirrus and cirrostratus clouds might be only 500-kW if the hole is less than 1 m in diameter and if the crosswind speed is less than 10 m/s. Overcoming cirrus and cirrostratus clouds would reduce the downtime due to weather by a factor of 2. However, 500 kW is a large laser, and it may be more effective instead to establish a second power beaming site in a separate weather zone. An assessment of optimum wavelengths for hole boring also was made, and the best options were found to be 3.0 - 3.4 micrometers and above 10 micrometers .
The basic challenge in the design of a pressure recovery system for a supersonic gas laser arises from the fact that the cavity pressure is quite low: 50 - 70 Torr for a CO2 gasdynamic laser (GDL) and as low as 4 Torr for a chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) system. The purpose of the pressure recovery system is to increase the pressure from its value in the supersonic cavity to one which allows the laser gas to be exhausted into the atmosphere. Two types of pressure recovery systems which are of primary interest for supersonic gas lasers are diffusers and ejectors. In this paper we derive some performance limits and examine the characteristics of both types of devices.
The basic challenge in the design of a pressure recovery system for a supersonic gas laser arises from the fact that the cavity pressure is quite low: 50 - 70 torr for a CO2 gasdynamic laser (GDL) and as low as 4 torr for a chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) system. The purpose of the pressure recovery system is to increase the pressure from its value in the supersonic cavity to one which allows the laser gas to be exhausted into the atmosphere. Two types of pressure recovery systems which are of primary interest for supersonic gas lasers are diffusers and ejectors. In this paper we derive some performance limits and examine the characteristics of both types of devices.
KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide lasers, Pulsed laser operation, Near field optics, Data modeling, Resonators, Brain-machine interfaces, Carbon dioxide, Laser development, Chemical lasers, Refractive index
The phenomenon known as laser induced medium perturbation (LIMP) or mode-medium interaction (MMI) is responsible for a loss of nearly 50% of the output energy from a focussed far-field spot in some pulsed CO2 lasers. A simple theory was previously developed to explain this result in terms of the formation of a phase grating in the gain medium due to enhanced vibrational-translational (VT) relaxation heating in regions where the intracavity flux is high. Attempts to employ this simple theory to model recent experimental results and predict and avoid the onset of this loss mechanism in the design of long pulse CO2 lasers demonstrated that it was inadequate for several reasons. In the present work, these shortcomings are examined and a new model is presented which incorporates wave optics and hydrodynamic relaxation effects. The results of calculations with this new model (time dependent Strehl ratio and pressure dependence) are in good agreement with experimental data for both electron-beam sustained and UV-preionized CO2 discharge lasers. This model is capable of determining laser design points which essentially eliminate the far-field energy loss.
This paper reviews and discusses the performance of unstable resonators concentrating on the design, analysis, and test of oscillators used on electric discharge and electron-beam pumped laser devices. The work covers over 15 years of device development including pulsed and continuous wave CO2, CO and excimer lasers, both subsonic and supersonic flow. The emphasis is on the review of the energy extraction and beam quality experimental results from a wide range of devices. The effect of flow characteristics on laser performance is discussed. The interaction between the optical mode formation and the laser medium, called the 'Mode-Medium Interaction', is presented in terms of both theoretical and experimental understanding. The device design constraints imposed by optical material limitations is also discussed.
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