This paper presents an intra-cavity beam-shaping technique using digital holograms in a continuous-wave (CW) diode-pumped Nd: YAG laser module. It shows that with the aid of digital holograms, the intensity distribution of the laser output can be modified to various optical beam shapes such as Laguerre-Gaussian (LGp;l) and Hermite-Gaussian (HGm;n). We used digital holograms that were encoded with amplitude masks that matched the desired laser output beam shape, LGp;l and HGm;n modes of different orders p, l and m, n, respectively. The research demonstrated the possibility of using digital lasers to simulate optical elements to pursue advanced laser material processing.
In this paper, higher-order modes were generated using a diode-pumped solid-state digital laser operating at 532 nm (visible) wavelength. We inserted a non-linear crystal (potassium titanyl phosphate, KTiOPO4 or KTP) inside the laser cavity operating at 1064 nm (Near-IR). The KTP was pumped using higher-order laser modes generated by the 1064 nm solid-state digital laser. We generated Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes and Hermite-Gaussian laser modes inside a cavity. The laser modes were characterised by analysing the intensity distribution.
In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate novel method of generating discrete excitation of on-demand Lagaurre-Gaussian (LG) mode pulses, in a diode pumped solid-state digital laser. The digital laser comprises of an intra-cavity spatial light modulator (SLM) that acts as an end-mirror of the resonator for uploading digital holograms, for the selection of discrete LG modes and controlling the quality facto, Q of the resonator. Discrete excitation of LG mode pulses of azimuthal-order l of 0, 1, 2, with zero radial-order (p = 0) were generated. Pulses of duration 200 ms and intensities as high as 1 mW with repetition speed of 60 Hz were produced at 1 um wavelength. The maximum peak power-conversion efficiency measured was 1.3%.
In this paper we experimentally demonstrate the measurement of thermally induced lensing, using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. We measured the thermally induced lens from the coefficient of defocus aberration using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS). As a calibration technique, we infer the focal length of standard lenses probed by a collimated Gaussian beam of wavelength 633 nm. The technique was applied to an Nd:YAG crystal that is actively pumped by a diode laser operating at 808 nm. The results were compared to the results obtained by changing the properties of the end-pumped solid-state laser resonator operating at 1064 nm, where the length of an unstable plane-parallel laser resonator cavity is varied, and the laser output power was measured.
In this conference paper we experimentally demonstrate the generation of Radial-order Laguerre-Gaussian (LGpl) modes of radial-order p and azimuthal order l = 0, using intracavity beam shaping technique. An amplitude mask encoded on digital holograms, and displayed on a spatial light modulator, acts as an end-mirror of the resonator (SLM). The digital holograms contained absorbing rings that matched the zeros of the desired Laguerre-Gaussian mode. We demonstrated the generation of LGp0, for p = 0 to p = 3, by using full circular absorbing rings and incomplete circular absorbing rings. We are illustrating the advantages associated using incomplete circular absorbing rings. We also observed that the laser resonator will have a lower threshold, while at the same time maintain the same laser characteristics.
Intracavity laser beam shaping has been achieved by adding intensity or phase filters to a Fabry-Perot resonator. Changing the output beam from one mode to another is a tedious process, requiring the replacing of custom optical elements, and careful realignment. The digital laser [1] is an innovation which allows the laser beam produced by a laser to be dynamically controlled by a computer. Essentially, one of the resonator mirrors is replaced by a spatial light modulator (SLM), which is a computer controlled, pixellated, liquid-crystal device. While the concept is the device is simple, the implementation revealed subtle properties of spatial light modulators and the liquid crystals contained in them. These properties had to be well understood before their undesirable characteristics could be overcome, allowing the laser to function as conceived in the design.
Higher-order Laguerre–Gaussian beams with zero radial index and nonzero azimuthal index are known to carry orbital angular momentum (OAM), and they are routinely created external and internal to laser cavities. Previous reports on the generation of such modes from laser cavities suffer from inconclusive evidence of the real electromagnetic field. In this paper we demonstrate a simple method of selectively generating higher-order doughnut modes using a digital laser and we show that an observed doughnut beam from a laser cavity may not be a pure Laguerre–Gaussian azimuthal mode but can be an incoherent sum of petal modes, which do not carry OAM. We also demonstrate a method that could be used for future analysis of such fields from laser resonators.
In this paper we experimentally demonstrate intra-cavity selective excitation of Higher-Order Laguerre–Gaussian modes with nonzero radial index and zero azimuthal index using a simple absorbing ring implemented on a digital laser. We show selective excitation of modes with radial order of zero to five using a non-segment absorbing rings. We then reduce the losses of the cavity that is associated with the absorbing ring by cutting the rings into segments. We then experimentally demonstrate that excited modes using half-circular segmented absorbing rings have a lower threshold compared to using a full ring while at the same time maintaining mode volume, purity and slope efficient of the laser.
A great number of laser applications need in place of the usual Gaussian beam a flat-top intensity profile in the focal plane of a focusing lens. In general the transformation of the laser beam from the Gaussian to the flat-top shape is made by a diffractive beam shaping technique. It is worthwhile to note that this transformation occurs in the vicinity of the focal plane. If a flat top laser beam keeping its shape during propagation is needed then this can be obtained by a weighted incoherent mixing of LG00 and LG01 eigenmodes. Here, we consider the generation of these two transverse modes by a solid-state laser axially pumped by a laser diode. The idea is to design the laser cavity so as to make identical the losses of LG00 and LG01 modes. To reach this objective we have used two techniques. The first one called as diffractive lies to insert an adequate amplitude mask inside the cavity. The second one called as interferometric consisted to couple the laser to an external cavity. It is important to note that LG00 and LG01 modes are not spatially in concurrence, i.e. the peak of the LG00 appears in the dip of the LG01 mode. As a result, the energy extraction from the amplifying medium is improved increasing thus the laser slope efficiency. Theory and experimental verifications have been done for the diffractive and interferometric techniques allowing the generation of a flat-top laser beam keeping its shape from the near-field to the far-field.
A novel fiber characterization technique is introduced that combines two holographic procedures for selective fiber-mode excitation and complete fiber-mode analysis. The fiber’s transmission matrix is constructed by directly measuring the response of the excited modes in terms of the entire guided mode spectrum. By applying a spatial multiplexing scheme for the modal decomposition, the transmission matrix is rapidly determinable, whereas the amount of needed measurements is proportional to the number of guided modes. Our technique characterizes the impact of the fiber on the mode signals and enables the investigation of underlying physical effects as well as signal correction schemes.
The beam from a laser resonator is determined by the optical elements it contains. Most commonly, these consist of two spherical mirrors, but phase- and amplitude-modulating elements can also be included to produce custom beams. For every custom beam new optics are required, and the resonator must be realigned, a process which can take several hours to days. The digital laser [1] is an innovation which allows the laser beam produced by a laser to be dynamically controlled by a computer. Essentially, one of the resonator mirrors is replaced by a spatial light modulator (SLM), which is a computercontrolled, pixellated, liquid-crystal device. While the concept is the device is simple, the implementation revealed subtle properties of spatial light modulators and the liquid crystals contained in them. These properties had to be well understood before their undesirable characteristics could be overcome, allowing the laser to function as conceived in the design.
Literature reports graphene, an atomic-thick sheet of carbon atoms as one of the promising biocompatible scaffolds that promotes cellular proliferation in human mesenchymal stem cells. On the other hand, different mammalian cell lines including the induced pluripotent stem cells exhibited an accelerated proliferation rate when cultured on graphene or graphene oxide coated substrates. These findings provide strong motivation to explore the full capability of graphene in further pluripotent stem cell research activities as there exists an urgent requirement to preserve their therapeutic potential. This therefore calls for non-invasive procedures for handling stem cells in-vitro. For example, resent literature has shown successful laser light driven transfection in both multipotent and pluripotent stem cells. In order to explore the non-invasive nature of optical transfection alongside biocompatible qualities of graphene, in this work we investigated the impact of optically transfecting mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells plated on graphene coated sample chambers. Using Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO-K1), we further studied the influence of graphene on cell viability as well as cell cytotoxicity through assessing changes in levels of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activity and the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) respectively. Our results showed that compared to those treated on plain glass, CHO-K1 cells optically treated while plated on graphene coated substrates exhibited a higher production of ATP and a milder release of LDH. In addition there was enhanced photo-transfection efficiency in both CHO-K1 and mES cells irradiated on graphene sample chambers.
In this paper we outline a simple laser cavity which produces customised on-demand digitally controlled laser modes by replacing the end-mirror of the cavity with an electrically addressed reflective phase-only spatial light modulator as a digital addressed holographic end-mirror. We show that on-demand digitally controlled laser modes are possible by changing the phase and amplitude of the computer generated hologram in a form of a grey-scale image on the holographic mirror. We demonstrate that customised digitally controlled laser modes can be generated on-demand by switching to several different spatial modes in real-time with the first the ‘digital laser’.
In this paper we experimentally demonstrate a simple laser cavity that produces spatial tuneable laser modes from a Gaussian beam to a Flat-top beam and a Donut-beam. The laser cavity contains an opaque ring and an adjustable circular aperture that could be varied and thus allows for tuneability of the cavity without it being realigned. A digital laser with an intra-cavity spatial light modulator is used to demonstrate and confirm the predicated properties of the resonator.
In this paper we will outline our recent advances in all-digital control of light. Importantly, we will outline how to create a so-called “digital laser”, where a conventional laser mirror is replaced with a phase-only spatial light modulator. This allows the mirror properties to be dynamically changed by altering only the image sent to the device: on-demand laser modes. We demonstrate a myriad of laser beams that can be created from the same device without any realignment or additional custom optics.
Modal decomposition of optical fields as a concept has been in existence for many decades, yet despite its clear
applications to laser beam analysis it has nevertheless remained a seldom used tool. With the commercialization of
liquid crystal devices, digital holography as an enabling tool has become accessible to all, and with it modal
decomposition has come of age. Here we outline the basic principles of modal decomposition of laser beams with digital holograms, and review recent results on the modal decomposition of arbitrary optical fields. We show how to use the information to infer the intensity, phase, wavefront, Poynting vector and orbital angular momentum density of the light. In particular, we show how to achieve optimal modal decomposition even in the absence of key information about the field, such as its scale and wavefront. We demonstrate the techniques on optical fields from fibers, diode-pumped solidstate lasers, and structured light by laser beam shaping.
In this paper we experimentally demonstrate the intra-cavity generation of selected higher-order Laguerre-Gaussian
modes using a simple absorbing ring. First, we show selection of modes of variable radial order, from zero to five, with
zero azimuthal order. Second, we select super-positions of azimuthal modes of zero radial order but high azimuthal
index, up to eleven. In all cases we demonstrate high mode purity and a gain volume proportional to the order of the
mode. Our results suggest a possible route to high-brightness diode-pumped solid-state laser sources.
Many applications of lasers seek nowadays for focal spots whose corresponding volume is getting smaller and smaller in order to ensure high spatial resolution. This problem, studied by many research groups around the world, is the core of this research work which deals with controlling the focal volume of a focused laser beam. Indeed, our objective is to develop a new method based on spatial treatment of laser beams, allowing to solve, in an original and efficient manner, two fundamental issues that have not been treated satisfactorily yet, i.e. :
(i) The generation of a special laser beam, which has the ability to produce a focal volume smaller than the one resulting from a more common Gaussian beam, when focused by an ordinary lens. The expected reduction factor of the focal volume is in the order of several hundreds, when the existing methods do not exceed few tenths.
(ii) The decoupling between transversal and longitudinal resolutions within the focal volume, contrary to Gaussian beams whose depth of field is proportional to the square of its beam-waist radius. The method that it is developed is based on two steps: First, the laser is forced to oscillate on a high-order but single transversal mode TEMp0, which is secondly spatially beam-shaped thanks a proper Diffractive Optical Element (DOE) that allocates the super-resolution
feature².
The second moment method of laser beam propagation allows for the calculation of the beam quality factor for any
laser beam, or combination of laser beams. When several laser beams are added, their effective beam quality factor is
not simply the sum of the individual beam quality factors, that is, it does not act as a linear operator. In this paper we
derive an analytical expression for the beam quality factor of incoherently added laser beams whose centroids are not
collinear. We illustrate the versatility of the final result by showing how this may be applied to the problem of the laser
beam propagation characteristics of high power diode bar stacks.
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