Study of wave propagation with random amplitude and phase, which overlap to form interference, is presented. Where each superimposed wave has independent random amplitude and phases that are monitored by the visibility parameter. This parameter is a function of the spatial correlation distribution of amplitudes and phases of the waves that emerge from the openings. The interference fringes visibility depends on the degree of phase randomness and to a lesser extent wave amplitude.
Incorporation of copper into a recording material of poly (vinyl alcohol) with Iron (III) Chloride is observed to give improved its characteristics as holographic recording medium. We show preliminary results; transmission gratings were recorded in the photopolymer films using a diode laser (445 nm). Copper-doped films showed good energy sensitivity and gratings recorded in films exhibited a diffraction efficiency of 20% at first order. This material have great advantages such as real-time image development, self-processing and high photosensitivity.
Preliminary results, of holographic diffraction gratings recording are shown, which the polyvinyl alcohol mixed with a photosensitive agent salt (NH4)2CrO7, and with an adequate quantity of pineapple juice, and synthetic dye. Dye as an element to increment the absorbance profile of the photosensitive material at emission line of 445nm. The diffraction gratings were recorded using laser diode at a wavelength of 445 nm.
We show the behavior of the holographic gratings photosensitive with metallic salt, (NH4)2CrO7 at different hydrolysis concentrations of PVA (poly vinyl alcohol).The holographic gratings were recorded in real time, observing interesting changes in their diffraction efficiency, as a function of the hydrolysis variation of PVA.
We present a theoretical study of diffraction gratings with twin grooves, that is, each period of the gratings corresponds to two grooves. By which it can be used to form amplitude and phase diffraction elements. The diffraction patterns of these elements are particularly interesting, due to the behavior of the diffracted orders, as well as the particularities of the envelope and its diffraction efficiency.
In this work we present a preparation method of films for holographic recording. The no-toxic and cheap ingredients were used for film preparation, The films were prepared by mixing natural adhesive base on Nopal mucilage, which used as polymeric matrix, with a natural pigment as a photosensitizing agent, solution. Also, we show the experimental results of the first-order diffraction efficiency as a function of energy exposure from transmission diffraction holographic gratings, which were recorded in the films in real time.
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is used as a polymeric matrix in different mixtures, which are employed to make of holographic, recording films. In this research, three grades of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) namely fully hydrolyzed and partially hydrolyzed and technical where studied with the aim of determining the influence of PVA degree of hydrolysis on the diffraction efficiency. Therefore, we show preliminary results of holographic diffraction gratings recorded in films were made with PVA and Iron (III) Chloride.
Comparative analysis between gratings registered in cupric chloride and cupric chloride films, with synthetic dye is presented. Preliminary results of recorded holographic diffraction gratings are shown, in which the polyvinyl alcohol mixed with a photosensitizing agent, cupric chloride and synthetic dye. The gratings were recorded using laser diode at a wavelength of 445 nm. Experimental results of gratings registered with cupric chloride and synthetic dye showed higher diffraction efficiency than those registered in cupric chloride.
A theoretical study of gratings with radial symmetry and variable periods with sinusoidal profile, modulated for amplitude are shown. The behavior of the diffraction pattern and their symmetry degree of gratings were observed. Grating period can be modulated by external factor as spatial orientation effects per propagation, as inclination perspective of image projections that can produce local modified periods; this modulation kind causes changes in the diffracted pattern orders.
We show preliminary results of holographic diffraction gratings recorded in an emulsion composed of cupric chloride, PVA, and dye extracted from natural pigments of a succulent cactus. We measure the intensity of light diffracted to first order, the curve of the energy of exposure is shown.
Transmission holograms made with egg's albumin, used as a matrix and violet of gentian as dye, and ammonium dichromate as sensitizers. Behavior is outlined of the diffraction efficiency of gratings based on the parameters of exposure energy, and thickness. All the gratings were recorded at line 442 nm of laser He-Cd.
Nopal mucilage potentially has certain properties required for the preparation biofilms which can be used as holographic replication recording medium. In this study, mucilage from nopal was extracted and characterized by its ability to form films under different concentration with polyvinyl alcohol. The transmission holographic diffraction gratings (master) were replicated into nopal films. The results showed good diffraction efficiencies. Mucilage from nopal could represent a good option for the development of films to replication holographic, owing to; its low cost and its compatibility with the environmental.
The variation of diffraction efficiency as function of temperature of holographic gratings into polyvinyl acetate
(adhesive) is presented, this material exhibits excellent properties such as transparency, consistency and easy to handle.
The diffraction holographic grating master is copied into polyvinyl acetate film by direct contact and subsequent
exposed at different temperature. The measurements of the diffraction efficiency have been determined by the ratio of
the power of the diffracted light beam to the incident power of the beam.
A theoretical study with sinusoidal amplitude diffraction gratings, elaborated with variable periods is shown. The diffraction pattern behavior and the symmetry degree of the gratings were observed. The grating period is increased, fringe to fringe, starting with a small period and ending with a big period that is; the grating edge, start with high spatial frequency and finish with low spatial frequency. This gratings modulation causes a widening in the diffracted orders.
Nowadays, there are many types of holographic recording medium some of them are photopolymer systems that generally consist of a polymeric host matrix, photopolymerizable momomer, photosensitizing dye and charge transfer agent but some of them have an undesirable feature, the toxicity of their components. Therefore, the present research study material recording, vinyl acetate is selected as polymeric matrix and natural dye from “muicle plant” is used as the photoinitiation these components are not toxic. The films are fabricated using gravity settling method at room temperature by this method, uniform films is obtained with good optical quality. To characterize the medium, been obtained when the coherent reed light (632.8 nm) was sent normally to the grating.
We present preliminary results on diffraction gratings made with holographic techniques using dichromated gelatin (DCG) matrix with edible dyes, the purple red, Layar® and blue Sabofrut®. The gratings were recorded with a laser diode, λ = 530nm. Curves show diffracted intensity vs exposure time. The recorded gratings show different diffraction efficiencies of gratings prepared with DCG, purple red + DCG, and blue+ DCG. We observed high diffraction efficiency with purple red. All exposure conditions and reconstruction were therefor for all gratings with the same concentration of dichromate for each one of the photosensitive emulsions prepared.
We present the preliminary results of diffraction gratings, which are made by holographic techniques with NOA65 adhesive as polymer matrix and neon purple food colors photosensitized. Gratings are recorded by diode laser ( λ = 445nm), the resulting intensity vs. exposure time curves are shown. The recorded gratings have a mixed behavior the face and the amplitude and itself-developing.
Holographic gratings recorded in photoresist, are used by common techniques of lithography, for writing on glass. We present a study of the technique used to erode the glass using hydrofluoric acid and copy the holographic element on the glass. We observe that holograms written in glass are very strong and durable. The behavior of the dispersion caused by the glass erosion also is studied.
One of the natural most employed within the food industry are pigments of betalains by their solubility in water to give desired colorations in processed foods such as beverages, dairy, meat. However, this research shows that this type of pigments can be used as photosensitizing agents in the field of holographic recording materials.
Carotenoids pigments presents in pineapple can be more than just natural dyes, which is one of the applications that now at day gives the chemical industry. In this research shown that can be used in implementing of holographic recording Films. Therefore we describe the technique how to obtain this kind of pigments trough spay drying of natural pineapple juice, which are then dissolved with water in a proportion of 0.1g to 1mL. The obtained sample is poured into glass substrates using the gravity method, after a drying of 24 hours in laboratory normal conditions the films are ready. The films are characterized by recording transmission holographic gratings (LSR 445 NL 445 nm) and measuring the diffraction efficiency holographic parameter. This recording material has good diffraction efficiency and environmental stability.
Numerical results are presented from the behavior of diffraction gratings through micro-holographic spatially localized areas, which consist of micro-coded areas with sinusoidal profile gratings. The random distribution of the micro areas, introduces diffracted orders a random modulation, we observed a characteristic profile of randomness. This is a study of the behavior of the random distribution as a function of the micro-area form where the gratings are generated.
In recent years, many types of polymers have been used in different recording holographic medium due their relatively
low cost and some of them are be self-developing needing no wet processing or thermal treatment. Therefore, in this
research recording materials based on Acrylamide-adhesive polymer matrix layer are prepared by gravity settling
method after time drying, the layers are characterized by recording transmission holographic gratings ( LSR 445 NL 445
nm) and measuring the first order diffraction efficiency holographic parameter. This recording material has good
diffraction efficiency and environmental stability.
Recent researches have been reported that is possible increase the diffraction efficiency parameter from
holographic gratings when photosensitive material (PVA with ammonium dichromate) it is painted after register the
hologram with commercial fluorescent ink.
In this research we shown that PVA as a binder, with the fluorescent ink and ammonium dichromate, this mixed
can be used as recording medium. We characterize this material by implementing holographic films in which holographic
gratings are recorded with a He- Cd laser at 442nm, and measuring holographic parameters such as diffraction efficiency.
We get increased the diffraction efficiency and also the lifetime of the film.
This work presents a study of gum Arabic as holographic recording material, and to quantify the parameter of the
diffraction efficiency through holographic diffraction gratings. This material exhibits excellent properties such as
transparency, consistency, easy to handle, non toxic, non degradable. It also shows a low moisture absorption
environment, hydro-phobic behavior. It is easy to produce a homogeneous thin film layer with a smooth texture on a
glass substrate with gravity techniques. It also has adhesive properties. Also shown is a study of the pH behavior of this
matrix, related to its viscosity.
Holographic interferometer is used with a dye-doped photopolymer on one of its arms, the sample is radiated
simultaneously with two wavelengths, and measuring the pattern fringe displacement we can calculate the refraction
index changes. The photopolymer we use is a mix of Norland Optical Adhesive No. 65 and Crystal Violet dye deposited
between two glass plates making a cell of 220 microns thickness. The sample is radiated with a beam from an Ar-ion
laser at 515 nm; in the interferometer we employed a He-Ne laser at 633 nm in emission line. We show some
experimental results.
PVA (Polyvinyl acetate ) glue is one of the most common forms of adhesive on the market, which is popular because it
has an ability to adhere to many different surface, but besides in this research we shown that can be employed as
polymeric matrix and is employed for holographic recording when this is doped with ammonium dichromate.
Thin, uniform coating of this photopolymer is generated by gravity settling method. The drying time for the
photosensitive layers is approximately 24 h. Therefore, we present the experimental results obtained through diffraction
gratings were recorded using a laser of He-Cd (442 nm).Furthermore the average results of the diffraction efficiency
parameter which is quantified by their two first orders of diffraction.
The PVA glue with ammonium dichromate can be considered as versatile holographic recording media due to their good
sensitivity low cost and self -developing.
Cactus nopal dye is introduced into a polyvinyl alcohol matrix achieving a like brown appearance thick film, such that
they can be used as a recording medium. This dye material provides excellent property as photosensitizer, i.e., easy
handling, low cost and can be used in real time holographic recording applications.
The experimental results show the diffraction efficiencies obtained by recording grating patterns induced by a
He-Cd laser (442nm). For the samples, a thick film of polyvinyl alcohol and dye from cactus nopal was deposited by the
gravity technique on a glass substrate. This mixture dries to form a photosensitive emulsion.
Alternative holographic material for replication by thermo-polymerization is the thermoplastic nail varnish.
We reported the experimental result with spectroscopy and thin layer chromatographic analysis about chemical
constitution of the material. Moreover, we show that the thermoplastic nails varnish can be considered as a phase
material. Adequate replication of some structure into of film can be recorded as modulation of refraction index.
The major improvements from this material are: good diffraction efficiency, reduced cost, easily to apply on any
substrate and the hologram is making with out develop process.
Holographic properties of dichromated gelatin (DCG) colored with triphenyl dyes (TDCG), were
studied. We described experimental techniques for its register of these holograms. This emulsion has
excellent resolution and behavior. That increase the photo sensibility respect to conventional DCG and is
easy to use.
Experimental techniques are described to register holograms in DC-PVA doped with organic
colorants. This material has excellent resolution and behavior to increase the photo sensibility. We report
some preliminary results.
A Polyelectrolyte can be used as replayed recording holographic medium with high diffraction efficiency by applied
conventional lithography techniques and heating, the main characteristics from this material are non-toxic, soluble-water,
others advantages are in production time and unit cost to replica holograms.
Photoluminescence light is emitted at 640 nm by a biopolymeric emulsion based on glucose and current colorant when it is radiated by a green laser at 532nm. Its absorbance profile behavior versus its photoluminescence spectra was graphed and compared, also the photoluminescence emission was compared with the pumping profile which was modulated with a chopper at 140 hertz to obtain the same modulation of its photoluminescent emission. Thus it was distinguished and analyzed the phenomenon behavior.
We synthesized a photoluminescent conductor polymer composed of polyvinyl alcohol, which was doped with nickel
chloride to decrease its resistivity (300 Ωcm) and benzalkonium chloride to obtain photoluminescence properties, when
it is radiated with a green laser beam (532 nm). We compared its absorbance curve and its energy emitted curve to
observe the amount energy that is taken advantage of this process. Besides we research the photoluminescence behavior
when an electric currant is applied in our conductor polymer, obtaining a modulation capacity.
We used CoCl2 as dopant with PVA, to do holograms for different concentrations and process as photo and thermo-polymerizations under environmental conditions. We present the quantitative results of the diffraction efficiency parameter from digital holograms storage, bearing in mind variable so much physical and chemical to different concentrations.
Replicated holograms with high diffraction efficiency can be generated into acrylic copolymer adhesive coating
by applying heat, the principal characteristics from this material are nontoxic, soluble-water, clear and cheap, we
show a technique to obtain holograms replication and some experimental results.
We show that juice pineapple can be considering as new unconventional holographic recorded medium,
because it has good chemical and optical properties. Some structures of computers phase holograms are copied into this
material by thermo-polymerization therefore in this research we present a preliminary analysis and experimental results.
The major improvements from our material are: good diffraction efficiency, reduced cost, easily to apply on any
substrate and the hologram is making with out develop process. the nature sweetener from pineapple can be applied for
the food industry mainly in the candy industry.
We present holograms generated in a computer to an acrylic enamel slide (Comex(R)), getting phase holograms. The information in the mask is transferred to the material by temperature gradients generated by rubbing. The refraction index is transformed at each material point by the temperature changes, thus the film is recorded and developed by itself. this material can be used for soft lithography.
We observed that a commercial epoxy resin (Comex(R) is enable to record images by means of lithography techniques. We can generate a hologram using a digital image and a computer simulation program and transferred it on our resin by microlithography techniques to get a phase hologram and increase its efficiency. The exposition to the heat produce temperature gradients and the information in the mask is transferred to the material by the refraction index changes, thus the film is recorded. At the same time the hologram is cured.
The study and optimization of new materials for holographic recording open new applications about these, we find the biopolymer, which offer a high response at the same way, the lactose present this characteristic, Preliminary studies shows, some properties with the ability to storage information, these can be used for holographic recording medium. In this present manuscript we made on analysis of its optical and chemical properties as: refraction index, diffraction efficiency, technique to obtain hologram and experimental replication results of computer holograms. The advantage that this material it is that does not need developed process of developed at environment conditions.
Using an array of laser microscope and a photoluminescent material, we can differentiate the upper and lower extremes of a specimen without changing the focus. It contributes a non-destructive test, which increases the perception of details at microscopic level.
Radiating doped carotenoids synthesized at INAOE by an ultraviolet beam, significant conductivity and chromatic changes are observed, being useful for several applications as would be an images recorder material of high resolution cured with UV radiation, using its transmittance modulation.
A new recorder material with the ability to store information by pressure and temperature parameters, computer phase holograms were obtained whit this material, which it is used a coating of polyester resin mixing with nitrocellulose. The major improvements from our material are: high diffraction efficiency (91.9 %), reduced cost, easily to apply on any substrate and the hologram is making with out develop process, and this does not need carefully controlled environment conditions. In this approach the hologram is formed under pressure and temperature.
We do a modification of a synthetic resin which is feasible to used with holographic base film with this technique
do not required any develop process in order to obtain phase hologram.
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