Quantitative elastography is performed using noise-correlation on full-field images acquired using digital holography. Experimental results in isotropic and anisotropic polymer samples are presented as well as stiffness images on biological tissues.
KEYWORDS: Elastography, Wave propagation, Tissues, Digital holography, Algorithm development, Video, Computer simulations, Speckle, Signal to noise ratio, Correlation function
Significance: Quantitative stiffness information can be a powerful aid for tumor or fibrosis diagnosis. Currently, very promising elastography approaches developed for non-contact biomedical imaging are based on transient shear-waves imaging. Transient elastography offers quantitative stiffness information by tracking the propagation of a wave front. The most common method used to compute stiffness from the acquired propagation movie is based on shear-wave time-of-flight calculations.
Aim: We introduce an approach to transient shear-wave elastography with spatially coherent sources, able to yield full-field quantitative stiffness maps with reduced artifacts compared to typical artifacts observed in time-of-flight.
Approach: A noise-correlation algorithm developed for passive elastography is adapted to spatially coherent narrow or any band sources. This noise-correlation-inspired (NCi) method is employed in parallel with a classic time-of-flight approach. Testing is done on simulation images, experimental validation is conducted with a digital holography setup on controlled homogeneous samples, and full-field quantitative stiffness maps are presented for heterogeneous samples and ex-vivo biological tissues.
Results: The NCi approach is first validated on simulations images. Stiffness images processed by the NCi approach on simulated inclusions display significantly less artifacts than with a time-of-flight reconstruction. The adaptability of the NCi algorithm to narrow or any band shear-wave sources was tested successfully. Experimental testing on homogeneous samples demonstrates similar values for both the time-of-flight and the NCi approach. Soft inclusions in agarose sample could be resolved using the NCi method and feasibility on ex-vivo biological tissues is presented.
Conclusions: The presented NCi approach was successful in computing quantitative full-field stiffness maps with narrow and broadband source signals on simulation and experimental images from a digital holography setup. Results in heterogeneous media show that the NCi approach could provide stiffness maps with less artifacts than with time-of-flight, demonstrating that a NCi algorithm is a promising approach for shear-wave transient elastography with spatially coherent sources.
KEYWORDS: Elastography, Ultrasonography, Near field optics, Wave propagation, Super resolution, Near field, Tissues, Microscopes, Medical imaging, Magnetic resonance imaging
When a wave field is measured within a propagative medium, it is widely accepted that the resulting image resolution depends on the measuring point density, and no longer on the wavelength. Indeed, in-situ measurements allow the near-field details needed for super-resolution to be retrieved. Rarely studied in elastography, this is supported here by experiments in ultrasounds and optics. A passive elastography imaging of two inclusions in a tissue mimicking phantom is shown with a resolution down to 1/45th of a shear wavelength.
Digital holography enables the capture of phase and amplitude from a single camera frame with high sensitivity. Displacements induced by a shear-wave diffuse field are acquired at the surface of a scattering sample. From the acquisitions, the stiffness of the sample can be mapped using a time-reversal-based algorithm. The coupling of digital holography with a time-reversal method achieves full-field quantitative elastography without the need of a controlled or synchronized source of mechanical wave. We present here the validation of the method on tissue-mimicking polymer samples and latest results on ex-vivo and in-vivo biological samples.
We recently proposed an alternative elasticity measurement technique based on elastic wave propagation within a single cell. At this scale, waves at a frequency rarely reached in the field of elastography (15kHz), are captured using an ultrafast camera and a microscope. This technique is based on the local measurement of the speed of a shear wave, a type of elastic wave. By assuming an infinite and homogeneous elastic medium with respect to the wavelength, the shear modulus μ (elasticity) is estimated. These latter assumptions are discussed through experiments conducted in controlled elastic solids at micro-scale. The conclusion is that wave guide effects as well as viscosity are crucial for quantitative mapping of elasticity.
We present here our latest results on noise correlation based optical elastography using off-axis digital elastography. In this study, noise correlation elastography is used to access quantitative measurement of stiffness anisotropy.
The principle is to numerically refocus the diffuse shear wave field at each pixel using noise-correlation algorithms. The refocusing gives not only access to the local shear wave wavelength directly related to the local shear wave speed but also to the mechanical anisotropy through the 2D shape of the refocusing.
The method is validated on finite difference simulation and first experimental measure is presented.
Shear-wave elastography is based on the imaging of displacements induced by the propagation of shear-waves through a medium. A full-field off-axis digital holography setup is utilized here to image surface displacements with high sensitivity. A low frame-rate camera is combined with a stroboscopic approach to achieve propagation imaging. We present the latest results using time of flight and time-reversal-based methods to map stiffness from a propagation movie. The methods are tested on simulation images obtained using a finite difference algorithm. Experimental images with the optical setup on agarose test samples mimicking biological tissues and first results on an ex-vivo biological sample are presented.
We recently proposed an alternative elasticity measurement technique based on elastic wave propagation within a single cell. Waves are capture using an ultrafast camera and a microscope. This technique is based on the local measurement of the speed vs of a shear wave, a type of elastic wave. By assuming an infinite and homogeneous elastic medium with respect to the wavelength, the shear modulus μ (elasticity) is estimated. These latter assumptions are discussed through experiments conducted in controlled elastic solids. The conclusion is that wave guide effects as well as viscosity are crucial for quantitative mapping of elasticity.
Elastography, sometimes referred as seismology of the human body, is an imaging modality recently implemented on medical ultrasound systems. It allows to measure shear waves within soft tissues and gives a tomography reconstruction of the shear elasticity. This elasticity map is useful for early cancer detection. A general overview of this field is given in the first part of the presentation as well as latest developments. The second part, is devoted to the application of time reversal or noise correlation technique in the field of elastography. The idea, as in seismology, is to take advantage of shear waves naturally present in the human body due to muscles activities to construct shear elasticity map of soft tissues. It is thus a passive elastography approach since no shear wave sources are used. In the third part some examples are provided using ultrasounds, MRI or optic to detect shear waves and reconstruct a speed tomography in a human liver, thyroid, brain, in a mouse eye and a single cell.
Background and motivation -
Conventional Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) methods consist in launching controlled shear waves in tissues, and measuring their propagation speed using an ultrafast imaging system. However, the use of external shear sources limits transfer to clinical practice, especially for ophthalmic applications. Here, we propose a totally passive OCE method for ocular tissues based on time-reversal of the natural vibrations.
Methods -
Experiments were first conducted on a tissue-mimicking phantom containing a stiff inclusion. Pulsatile motions were reproduced by stimulating the phantom surface with two piezoelectric actuators excited asynchronously at low frequencies (50-500 Hz). The resulting random displacements were tracked at 190 frames/sec using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), with a 10x5µm² resolution over a 3x2mm² field-of-view (lateral x depth). The shear wavefield was numerically refocused (i.e. time-reversed) at each pixel using noise-correlation algorithms. The focal spot size yields the shear wavelength. Results were validated by comparison with shear wave speed measurements obtained from conventional active OCE. In vivo tests were then conducted on anesthetized rats.
Results -
The stiff inclusion of the phantom was delineated on the wavelength map with a wavelength ratio between the inclusion and the background (1.6) consistent with the speed ratio (1.7). This validates the wavelength measurements. In vivo, natural shear waves were detected in the eye and wavelength maps of the anterior segment showed a clear elastic contrast between the cornea, the sclera and the iris.
Conclusion -
We validated the time-reversal approach for passive elastography using SD-OCT imaging at low frame-rate. This method could accelerate the clinical transfer of ocular elastography.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can map the stiffness of biological tissue by imaging mechanical perturbations (shear waves) propagating in the tissue. Most shear wave elastography (SWE) techniques rely on active shear sources to generate controlled displacements that are tracked at ultrafast imaging rates. Here, we propose a noise-correlation approach to retrieve stiffness information from the imaging of diffuse displacement fields using low-frame rate spectral-domain OCT. We demonstrated the method on tissue-mimicking phantoms and validated the results by comparison with classic ultrafast SWE. Then we investigated the in vivo feasibility on the eye of an anesthetized rat by applying noise correlation to naturally occurring displacements. The results suggest a great potential for passive elastography based on the detection of natural pulsatile motions using conventional spectral-domain OCT systems. This would facilitate the transfer of OCT-elastography to clinical practice, in particular, in ophthalmology or dermatology.
Time-resolved 2D Pulsed Elastography is a new elastographic technique for imaging the shear modulus of soft tissues. A low-frequency transient shear wave is sent in the medium while an ultra-fast ultrasonic imaging system acquires frames at a very high frame rate (up to 10,000 frames/s). This ultra-fast ultrasonic imaging system has been specifically developed for this application. It is based on a time-reversal mirror of 128 channels sampled at 50 MHz and having 2 Mbytes random access memory. Displacements induced by the slowly propagating shear wave are measured using the standard cross-correlation technique. The low-frequency excitation is obtained with a device composed of two rods that are placed around the ultrasonic transducer linear array. The rods vibrate perpendicularly to the surface of the tissues. They may be either parallel or perpendicular to the active surface of the array. With this device, large amplitude displacements are observed in the ultrasonic image area. We have measured the spatio- temporal evolution of the displacements induced by the low- frequency (20-100 Hz) shear wave in tissue-equivalent phantoms and breast in-vivo. A direct local inversion is used to recover the shear modulus distribution map in phantoms containing hard regions.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.