This paper investigates the effectiveness of two adaptive control strategies for modulating control force of piezoelectric
friction dampers (PFDs) that are employed as semi-active devices in combination with laminated rubber bearings for
seismic protection of buildings. The first controller developed in this study is a direct adaptive fuzzy logic controller. It
consists of an upper-level and a sub-level direct fuzzy controller. In the hierarchical control scheme, higher-level
controller modifies universe of discourse of both premise and consequent variables of the sub-level controller using
scaling factors in order to determine command voltage of the damper according to current level of ground motion. The
sub-level fuzzy controller employs isolation displacement and velocity as its premise variables and command voltage as
its consequent variable. The second controller is based on the simple adaptive control (SAC) method, which is a type of
direct adaptive control approach. The objective of the SAC method is to make the plant, the controlled system, track the
behavior of the structure with the optimum performance. By using SAC strategy, any change in the characteristics of the
structure or uncertainties in the modeling of the structure and in the external excitation would be considered because it
continuously monitors its own performance to modify its parameters. Here, SAC methodology is employed to obtain the
required force which results in the optimum performance of the structure. Then, the command voltage of the PFD is
determined to generate the desired force. For comparison purposes, an optimal controller is also developed and
considered in the simulations together with maximum passive operation of the friction damper. Time-history analyses of
a base-isolated five-story building are performed to evaluate the performance of the controllers. Results reveal that developed adaptive controllers can successfully improve seismic response of the base-isolated buildings against various types of earthquakes.
The seismic response of a multi-span continuous bridge isolated with novel superelastic-friction base isolator (S-FBI) is
investigated under near-field earthquakes. The isolation system consists of a flat steel-Teflon sliding bearing and a
superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) device. Sliding bearings limit the maximum seismic forces transmitted to
the superstructure to a certain value that is a function of friction coefficient of sliding interface. Superelastic SMA
device provides restoring capability to the isolation system together with additional damping characteristics. The key
design parameters of an S-FBI system are the natural period of the isolated, yielding displacement of SMA device, and
the friction coefficient of the sliding bearings. The goal of this study is to obtain optimal values for each design
parameter by performing sensitivity analyses of the isolated bridge. First, a three-span continuous bridge is modeled as a
two-degrees-of-freedom with S-FBI system. A neuro-fuzzy model is used to capture rate-dependent nonlinear behavior
of SMA device. A time-dependent method which employs wavelets to adjust accelerograms to match a target response
spectrum with minimum changes on the other characteristics of ground motions is used to generate ground motions used in the simulations. Then, a set of nonlinear time history analyses of the isolated bridge is performed. The variation of the peak response quantities of the isolated bridge is shown as a function of design parameters. Also, the influence of temperature variations on the effectiveness of S-FBI system is evaluated. The results show that the optimum design of the isolated bridge with S-FBI system can be achieved by a judicious specification of design parameters.
Base isolation is an effective method of reducing seismic response of bridges during an earthquake. Rubber isolators are
one of the most common types of base isolation systems. As an alternative to conventional rubber isolators such as high
damping rubber bearing and lead rubber bearing, smart rubber bearing systems with shape memory alloys (SMAs) have
been proposed in recent years. As a class of smart materials, shape memory alloys shows excellent re-centering and
considerable damping capabilities which can be exploited to obtain an efficient seismic isolation system. This paper
explores effectiveness of shape memory alloy/rubber-based isolation systems for protecting bridges against seismic loads
by performing a sensitivity analysis. The isolation system considered in this study consists of a laminated rubber bearing
which provides lateral flexibility while supplying high vertical load-carrying capacity and an auxiliary device made of
multiple loops SMA wires. The SMA device offers additional energy dissipating and re-centering capability. A threespan
continuous bridge is modeled with SMA/rubber-based isolation system. Numerical simulations of the bridge are
conducted for various historical ground motions that are spectrally matched to a target design spectrum. The normalized
yield strength, yield displacement and pre-stress level of the SMA device and ambient temperature are selected as
parameters of the sensitivity study. The variation of seismic response of the bridge with considered parameters is
assessed. The optimum values of the normalized yield strength and the yield displacement of the SMA device is found
to be in the range of 0.20-0.25 and 40-50 mm, respectively. Also, the SMA/rubber-based isolation system is observed to
be more effective when the SMA device is pre-stressed. In addition, it is found that ambient temperature considerably
affects the performance of the bridge isolated by SMA/rubber-based isolators.
This paper proposes a neuro-fuzzy model of NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) wires that is capable of capturing behavior
of superelastic SMAs at different temperatures and at various loading rates while remaining simple enough to realize
numerical simulations. First, in order to collect data, uniaxial tensile tests are conducted on superelastic wires in the
temperature range of 0 ºC to 40 ºC, and at the loading frequencies of 0.05 Hz to 2 Hz that is the range of interest for
seismic applications. Then, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is employed to construct a model of
SMAs based on experimental input-output data pairs. The fuzzy model obtained from ANFIS training is validated by
using an experimental data set that is not used during training. Upon having a model that can represent behavior of
superelastic SMAs at various ambient temperature and loading-rates, nonlinear simulation of a multi-span continuous
bridge isolated by rubber bearings that is equipped with SMA dampers is carried out. Response of the bridge to a
historical earthquake record is presented at different ambient temperatures in order to evaluate the effect of temperature
on the performance of the structure. It is shown that SMA damping elements can effectively decrease peak deck
displacement and the relative displacement between piers and superstructure in an isolated bridge while recovering all
the deformations to their original position.
The spoilers on an aircraft are responsible for several tasks, including execution of roll maneuvers, lift dumping (aerodynamic "spoiling"), and braking. The examined spoiler is manufactured from carbon fiber reinforced composite material and is attached to the wing by four bearing hinges and one actuator hinge. Correct spoiler design involves knowledge of the loads acting on the spoiler, calculation of stresses and strains, and examination of possible failures. Additionally, the fatigue and damage tolerance evaluation of such a spoiler has to follow established certification protocols. This study defines a load cycle based on in-service loadings, including aerodynamic loading, wing bending, inertial loading, and actuator loading. A finite element model of the spoiler is used to calculate the reaction forces in the hinges and the strain in the carbon fiber components occurring during the load cycle. The Miner Rule is used to calculate the fatigue life of the hinges based on the computed stress. A damage tolerance evaluation is then performed assuming that different hinges have failed. Finally, a certification test for fatigue and damage tolerance evaluation of a spoiler is discussed.
In the fields of high-resolution metrology and manufacturing, effective anti-vibration measures are required to obtain precise and repeatable results. This is particularly true when the amplitudes of ambient vibration and the dimensions of the investigated or manufactured structure are comparable, e.g. in sub-micron semiconductor chip production, holographic interferometry, confocal optical imaging, and scanning probe microscopy. In the active anti-vibration system examined, signals are acquired by extremely sensitive vibration detectors, and the vibration is reduced using a feedback controller to drive electrodynamic actuators. This paper deals with the modeling of this anti-vibration system. First, a six-degree-of-freedom rigid body model of the system is developed. The unknown parameters of the unloaded system, including actuator transduction constants, spring stiffness, damping, moments of inertia, and the location of the center of mass, are determined by comparing measured transfer functions to those calculated using the updated model. The model is then re-updated for the case of an arbitrarily loaded system. The responses predicted by the final updated model agree well with the experimental measurements, thereby giving confidence in the model and the updating procedure.
Measurements performed using a double pulse ESPI (Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry) are used to estimate the power flow maps in a square plate excited harmonically. The pulse ESPI was equipped with one camera providing no information about the phase of the measured displacement field. A procedure based on the solution of a system of transcendental equations which corresponds to two measurements with a known time delay is used to determine the magnitude and phase. In order to spatially smooth the operational modes and reduce the noise spikes, a smoothing technique and a median filter are used, respectively. The active power flow is estimated for two frequencies. The reactive power flow due to the bending moments, twisting moments and shear forces are obtained separately. A finite element model based on the theory of thin plates is used for qualitative comparison of the reactive power flow maps.
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