Dr. Steven M. Arnold Profile

Dr. Steven M. Arnold

President at Diffraction International Ltd

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Proceedings Article | 7 March 2003 Paper

Optical testing of diamond-machined aspheric mirrors for ground-based, near-IR astronomy

John Chambers, Ronald Mink, Raymond Ohl, Joseph Connelly, John Mentzell, Steven Arnold, Matthew Greenhouse, Robert Winsor, John MacKenty

Proceedings Volume 4841, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.458966

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Computer generated holography, Wavefronts, Interferometers, Tolerancing, Space telescopes, Data modeling, Optical testing, Spectroscopy, Aluminum

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The Infrared Multi-Object Spectrometer (IRMOS) is a facility-class instrument for the Kitt Peak National Observatory 4 and 2.l meter telescopes. IRMOS is a near-IR (0.8-2.5 μm) spectrometer and operates at ~80 K. The 6061-T651 aluminum bench and mirrors constitute an athermal design. The instrument produces simultaneous spectra at low- to mid-resolving power (R = λ/Δλ = 300-3000) of ~100 objects in its 2.8×2.0 arcmin field. We describe ambient and cryogenic optical testing of the IRMOS mirrors across a broad range in spatial frequency (figure error, mid-frequency error, and microroughness). The mirrors include three rotationally symmetric, off-axis conic sections, one off-axis biconic, and several flat fold mirrors. The symmetric mirrors include convex and concave prolate and oblate ellipsoids. They range in aperture from 94×86 mm to 286×269 mm and in f-number from 0.9 to 2.4. The biconic mirror is concave and has a 94×76 mm aperture, R_x=377 mm, k_x=0.0778, R_y=407 mm, and k_y=0.1265 and is decentered by -2 mm in X and 227 mm in Y. All of the mirrors have an aspect ratio of approximately 6:1. The surface error fabrication tolerances are < 10 nm RMS microroughness, best effort for mid-frequency error, and < 63.3 nm RMS figure error. Ambient temperature (~293 K) testing is performed for each of the three surface error regimes, and figure testing is also performed at ~80 K. Operation of the ADE PhaseShift MicroXAM white light interferometer (micro-roughness) and the Bauer Model 200 profilometer (mid-frequency error) is described. Both the sag and conic values of the aspheric mirrors make these tests challenging. Figure testing is performed using a Zygo GPI interferometer, custom computer generated holograms (CGH), and optomechanical alignment fiducials. Cryogenic CGH null testing is discussed in detail. We discuss complications such as the change in prescription with temperature and thermal gradients. Correction for the effect of the dewar window is also covered. We discuss the error budget for the optical test and alignment procedure. Data reduction is accomplished using commercial optical design and data analysis software packages. Results from CGH testing at cryogenic temperatures are encouraging thus far.

Proceedings Article | 1 November 1997 Paper

CGH-LUPI interferometer for aspheric figure metrology

Steven Arnold, Andrew Stuart, Lubomir Koudelka

Proceedings Volume 3134, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.295152

KEYWORDS: Computer generated holography, Interferometers, Wavefronts, Aspheric lenses, Beam splitters, Phase shift keying, Diffraction, Kinematics, Collimation, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 1996 Paper

Wavelength compensation at 1.064u using hybrid optics

Richard Rallison, Steven Arnold

Proceedings Volume 2689, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.239630

KEYWORDS: Hybrid optics, Holographic optical elements, Computer generated holography, Mirrors, Zemax, OSLO, Monochromatic aberrations, Diffraction, Glasses, Binary data

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 1995 Paper

Verification and certification of CGH aspheric nulls

Steven Arnold, Robert Kestner

Proceedings Volume 2536, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.218414

KEYWORDS: Computer generated holography, Computer programming, Aspheric lenses, Diffraction, Etching, Interferometers, Error analysis, Wavefronts, Diffraction gratings, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 1995 Paper

Figure metrology of deep general aspherics using a conventional interferometer with CGH null

Steven Arnold, L. Curt Maxey, JoEllen Rogers, Robert Yoder

Proceedings Volume 2536, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.218413

KEYWORDS: Computer generated holography, Interferometers, Optical testing, Optical alignment, Aspheric lenses, Wavefronts, Tolerancing, Stars, Fizeau interferometers, Metrology

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Proceedings Article | 1 March 1991 Paper

Interferometer for testing of general aspherics using computer-generated holograms

Steven Arnold, Anil Jain

Proceedings Volume 1396, (1991) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.47746

KEYWORDS: Computer generated holography, Aspheric lenses, Interferometers, Relays, Telescopes, Beam splitters, Mirrors, Optical testing, Tolerancing, Space telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 1 May 1990 Paper

Sandwich reflection hologram combiner for display applications

Anil Jain, Steven Arnold

Proceedings Volume 1211, (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.17955

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Holography, Heads up displays, Diffraction, Relays, Optical design, Head-mounted displays, Reflection, Mirrors, Geometrical optics

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Showing 5 of 7 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (1)

Optical Manufacturing and Testing V

3 August 2003 | San Diego, California, United States

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