We present a Geometric Phase (GP)-based Sagnac Anti-Resonant Ring (ARR) interferometer mirror (GP-mirror) for achieving tunable optimum output coupling in Continuous Wave (CW) Doubly Resonant Optical parametric oscillator (DRO). The DRO is designed using a nonlinear crystal MgO: PPsLT of 30 mm length and a grating period of 7.97 μm with a GP mirror in one arm of the standing wave cavity. The GP mirror is constructed using a quarter wave-plate (λ/4), half wave plate (λ/2), and quarter wave-plate(λ/4) at +45◦, θ, -45◦ with respect to vertical polarization, respectively. The DRO output transmission can be varied continuously from 0.6% to 50%, attaining optimum output coupling of 1.4% for maximum power extraction of 2.45 W when pumped with an incident power of 5 W at 47◦C crystal temperature at signal and idler wavelength of 1054 nm and 1074 nm, respectively. The maximum pump depletion of 89% is obtained with a conversion efficiency of 49%. The transmission through a GP-based mirror delivers the tunable optimum output power across the tuning wavelength range ⪆ 90 nm. This showcased GP-mirror concept presents an avenue for enhancing the capabilities and management of coherent sources adjustable across various spectral ranges and across all time scales, ranging from continuous-wave to ultrafast femtosecond domains.
Coupling and mutual influence of spin angular momentum (SAM), orbital angular momentum (OAM), and linear momentum of light have led to a number of photonic spin-orbit interaction (SOI) effects in various light-matter interactions[1-2]. These have provided new insights on the universal SOI phenomena and also have opened up a new paradigm of spin-orbit photonic devices. Despite the considerable promises of these spin-orbit photonic effects, there remain several outstanding challenges to address. Besides the enhancement of these weak SOI effects, developing novel experimental systems for efficient probing, interpreting their underlying physics and manifestation are highly sought after in the context of developing photonic SOI based technologies. Among the various SOI effects, photonic spin-momentum locking has attracted particular attention due to its profound origin and potential device applications. Usually the spin-directional coupling is obtained in spatially inhomogeneous anisotropic metamaterials or metasurfaces through appropriate tailoring of the geometric phase gradient leading to the breaking of the spatial inversion symmetry. The photonic spin-momentum locking has also been demonstrated in planar interfaces without any structures. In this scenario, the spin-directional coupling of the transversly propagating surface waves or waveguide modes arises due to the presence of transverse spin angular momentum (SAM) of the evanescent waves.
We use spin-orbit interaction (SOI) effects of light in tight focusing by optical tweezers to engineer the dynamics of birefringent microparticles at different spatial locations close to the focal region of the tweezers. Thus, we tightly focus radially and azimuthally polarized first order vortex (Laguerre-Gaussian) beams - that do not carry intrinsic orbital angular momentum (OAM) - into a refractive index stratified medium, and observe multiple birefringent particles orbiting around a single particle trapped stably at the beam center. This is due to the fact that tight focusing induces a longitudinal component of the electric field in the case of radial polarization, which completely modifies the intensity distribution, creating finite intensity at the center - which is typically dark for vortex beams. The intensity at the beam center and off-axis - in an annular ring - are both enhanced on introducing a refractive index stratified medium in the path of the optical tweezers, so that particles are trapped in both regions. In addition, the presence of the longitudinal component leads to an additional transverse spin angular momentum (TSAM) and extrinsic transverse orbital angular momentum (ETOAM). The latter causes single or multiple birefringent particles trapped in the annular ring to rotate around the beam axis, while a single particle is also trapped without displaying rotation or translation. This demonstrates the effectiveness of SOI in engineering the dynamics of mesoscopic particles in optical tweezers.
Spin-to-orbit conversion of light is a dynamical optical phenomenon in a non-paraxial fields, which plays an important role in various manifestations of the optical Hall Effect. Here, we demonstrate – both theoretically and experimentally – the rotational Hall Effect for a higher order Gaussian beam (HG10 ) in an optical tweezers configuration. Our theoretical results clearly reveal that for an input spin polarized HG10 mode (right/left circularly polarized), the orthogonal circularly polarized component (left/ right), generated due to angular momentum conservation following spin-orbit interaction, displays a large rotation of the intensity profile – a clear signature of the rotational Hall effect. We demonstrate the same experimentally, although the impossibility of separating out the longitudinal component from the detected intensity profile prevents us from obtaining rotation values as large as the theoretical predictions. We also measure the rotational shift as a function of the refractive index contrast in the beam path of the optical tweezers, and observe a proportional increase in general. We envisage interesting applications in inducing complex dynamics in optically trapped birefringent particles due to the spin-orbit conversion in our system.
We show that scattering of plane waves leads to helicity-independent transverse spin angular momentum (SAM) and helicity-dependent transverse Poynting vector components. The in uence of plasmon resonance and avoided crossing for a sphere on these quantities is studied.
The spin orbit interaction (SOI) of light leading to the evolution of trajectory dependent geometric phase and associated spin Hall shift (SHS) in circularly polarized light has led to several fascinating manifestations in scattering, tight focusing, and imaging processes. However, most of these observations are at the sub-wavelength level, with somewhat limited applications of a general nature. We investigate the SOI in an optical trap for a linearly polarized trapping beam where the both the trajectory dependent geometric phase as well as the SHS are magnified significantly due to a stratified medium. The stratified medium is created using an index mismatched cover slip that modifies the radial intensity distribution near the focal plane of the trap due to diffraction effects. The modified intensity distribution causes trapping of polystyrene beads in ring-like patterns, while the tight focusing in the stratified medium also leads to a large spin redirection geometric phase that creates intensity side lobes in the azimuthal direction near the focal plane. Single trapped asymmetric particles can be trapped in the side lobes and translated along the ring by changing the polarization angle of the input beam. A 3D analysis of polarization reveals the generation of polarization vortices as well as spatially separated regions of opposite circular polarizations near the focal plane leading to controlled rotation of trapped particles, again by a linearly polarized input beam. The study can have several interesting consequences in the manipulation of mesoscopic particles in an optical trap.
Device characteristics for long-channel Ge-pMOSFETs with different channel-orientations and figures of merit for
analog applications are reported. The electrical characteristics include the capacitance-voltage curve at frequency 500
kHz and the transfer characteristics for both the low and high drain voltages. Various device parameters of Ge
pMOSFETs have been extracted utilizing the measured data for both the regular i. e., Ge <110< and oriented i. e., Ge
<100< devices with post metallization anneal. The oriented device exhibits augmented transconductance, while output
resistance and intrinsic gain show improvement for the regular device. The conductance efficiency is almost same for
both the regular and oriented devices in the strong inversion region of operation whereas the parameter exhibits some
improvement for regular devices in the weak inversion region.
We study the reflection of a tightly focused Gaussian beam off a near symmetric resonant tunneling structure comprising
two identical coupled waveguides. The coupled waveguides are loaded on each side by a spacer layer and a high index
prism. Reflection of a Gaussian beam from such a resonant structure is associated with beam distortion and even beam
splitting. We start with the distortion of the beam profile for a symmetric structure as a function of various parameters of
the system. The broken spatial symmetry is introduced through the reference channel on one side and the sample
channel on the other side as spacer layers. We monitor the dip in the beam profile when the two channels are filled with
the sample and the reference liquid. We show that presence and absence of hemoglobin and its oxygenation states can be
quantified by looking at the beam profile dip. Our results may find applications in high resolution sensing.
We study two coupled planar waveguides with Gaussian profile of dielectric constant and compare the results with equivalent uniform transverse profile, we show qualitative differences in the modes of the two structures.
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